Objective: The aim of this work was to establish pseudoternary phase diagrams for Palestinian basil extracts (seeds and leaves), formulate a microemulsion, and study the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of this medicinal plant.Methods: Pseudoternary phase diagrams were prepared by utilizing the water titration method, by using basil extracts (seeds and leaves) as an oil phase and water phase. Basil was analyzed for its phytochemical constituents after it was extracted using Soxhlet extraction device. The crude extracts of basil (seeds and leaves) were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AA) using standard methods (Folin-Ciocalteau assay, aluminum chloride assay, ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and spectrophotometric method), respectively. In-vitro susceptibility of basil extracts was determined by antibacterial activity using agar disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against five clinical pathogens. The potential in-vitro antimalarial activity of various Ocimum extracts was determined in different solvents using semiquantitative assay method. Results:The results showed that both the seeds and leaves of the ethanol extract had antibacterial activity on most bacterial strains, with respective zones of inhibition of 6-25 mm and MIC values of (62.5 -> 500μg/ml). The seeds extract of the plant has 74±1.4 mg/g AA, while the leaves extract has a value of 40.4±0.8 mg/g. The TPC of basil seeds was 58.2±0.9 mg/g and that of basil leaves was 51±2.4 mg/g. In addition, the TFC in the leaves was 9.0±1.5 mg/g, while in the seeds it was 34.2±3.6 mg/g. At room temperature, the pseudoternary phase diagram was determined. Combining basil leaves and seeds extract with Tween 20 as a surfactant resulted in an effective basil microemulsion. RP-HPLC Chromatography analysis showed the presence of flavonoid (quercetin) in 6.6 min. It was found that β-hematin was not prevented in any of these solvents. This result, shown for the first time in this study, rules out a mechanism that has been proposed to explain the antimalarial activity of the plant, namely inhibition of beta-hematin formation. Conclusion:Based on these results, it is concluded that basil is a natural source of potent antioxidants, antibacterial and antimalarial activities that can prevent many diseases and could potentially be used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.
Raphanus raphanistrum and R. pugioniformis (Brassicaceae) are wild radishes, native to the Eastern Mediterranean region. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of growing soil media (perlite, sand, and terra rossa) on the growth performance of two Raphanus species. For this, seeds of the selected species were germinated and seedlings were transferred to plastic cylinders, filled with growing soil media. At harvest, various growth parameters including shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight were determined. Root and shoot fresh and dry weight, before and after oven dry for 24 h at 70 °C was measured. Results of the study revealed statistically significant differences (P value ≤ 0.05) among the various studied growth parameters for the selected Raphanus species and are affected by different growing media including types of soil and growing time (days after potting from 33 to 78). After 33 days of potting, the average shoot length for R. pugioniformis was found 6.6, 8.0, and 8.6 cm in terra rossa, sand, and perlite growing media respectively. On the other hand, the fresh (0.8, 1.6, and 2.5g) and dry (0.25, 0.48, and 0.72g) shoot weight for R. pugioniformis was reported in terra rossa, sand, and perlite soil media respectively. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that among the tested growing media, perlite growing medium is the best medium for the growth of both studied Raphanus species. This study demonstrated that the three studied growing media affected all the growth performance parameters of both Raphanus pugioniformis and Raphanus raphanistrum differently.
Aims: This study aims to investigate antioxidant and antibacterial activities of borage (seeds and leaves) extracts, and to prepare different topical microemulsion formulations using borage oil. Study Design: Borage seeds and leaves were collected from Hebron -Palestine, then the borage leaves and seeds were prepared for extraction and then extracted with Soxhlet using ethanol. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the extracts were studied, and then Ternary Phase Diagram was constructed using the borage extracts (from seeds and leaves). Methodology: The seeds were cultivated upon their ripening season in April of 2016 from the Halhul mountains in Hebron/Palestine. Soxhlet method was used to extract borage seeds and leaves oil by using ethanol 95%. A ternary phase diagram was constructed by determining appropriate nonionic surfactant to assess the ability for microemulsion formulation and durability of each system. Tween 80 was found to be more suitable to solubilize each of borage seeds and leaves extracts compared with Tween 20 due to its prominent hydrophobic properties. The antibacterial activity was evaluated for both borage seeds and leaves extracts using a well diffusion method against Staphyloococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, &Candida albicans. Results: Results showed that the seeds extract has inhibition zone (12 mm) against S. aureus (gram positive bacteria) higher than inhibition zone that leaves extracts exhibited (7.5mm), but no significant effects observed for both extracts against E. coli and C. albicans. In addition, antibacterial activity for microemulsions formulation was measured against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans. Results showed that there is minor activity against S. aureus when compared to PenicillinG and the pure seed oil or leaves extract. In contrast no activity was reported against E. coli and C. albicans. The antioxidant activity was further indicated by the quiet good ability to reduce the FRAP reagent for both extracts with the indication of higher seeds extract activity. This variation is explained by the higher seeds extract content of polyphenol, tocopherol and vitamin C than leaves extract. Conclusion: Borage seeds and leaves were extracted, and the extracts were showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and showed that they can be used in microemulsion using ternary phase diagram.
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