This article presents the binding interaction between mebendazole (MBZ) and bovine serum albumin. The interaction has been studied using different techniques, such as fluorescence quenching spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer in addition to molecular docking. Results from Stern Volmer equation stated that the quenching for MBZ-BSA binding was static. The fluorescence quenching spectroscopic study was performed at three temperature settings. The binding constant (kq), the number of binding sites (n), thermodynamic parameters (ΔHο, ΔSο and ΔGο), and binding forces were determined. The results exhibited that the interaction was endothermic. It was revealed that intermolecular hydrophobic forces led to the stabilization of the drug-protein system. Using the site marker technique, the binding between MBZ and BSA was found to be located at subdomain IIA (site I). This was furtherly approved using the molecular docking technique with the most stable MBZ configuration. This research may aid in understanding the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of MBZ and give fundamental data for its safe usage to avoid its toxicity.
In this work, the binding mechanism between donepezil (DNP) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was established using several techniques, including fluorimetry, UV- spectrophotometry, synchronous fluorimetry (SF), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) besides molecular docking study. The fluorescence quenching mechanism of DNP-BSA binding was a combined dynamic and static quenching. The thermodynamic parameters, binding forces, binding constant, and the number of binding sites were determined using a different range of temperature settings. Van't Hoff's equation was used to calculate the reaction parameters, including enthalpy change (ΔHο) and entropy change (ΔSο). The results pointed out that the DNP-BSA binding was endothermic. It was shown that the stability of the drug-protein system was predominantly due to the intermolecular hydrophobic forces. Additionally, the site probing method revealed that subdomain IIA (Site I) is where DNP and BSA's binding occurs. This was validated using a molecular docking study with the most stable DNP configuration. This study might help to understand DNP's pharmacokinetics profile and toxicity as well as provides crucial information for its safe use and avoiding its toxicity.
A simple rapid and accurate micellar high performance liquid chromatographic method was improved and validated for the analysis of mixture containing gatifloxacin sesquihydrate (GTF) and prednisolone acetate (PRED) in their synthetic mixture and their combined preparation. The separation was achieved using a C18 column, micellar mobile phase consisted of 0.2 M sodium dodecyl sulfate, 12.5% n-propanol and 0.3% triethylamine in 0.02 M orthophosphoric acid at pH 7.0 at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with UV detection at 270 nm. The proposed method was found to be rectilinear over the concentration ranges of 5.0-45 μg ml-1 and 10-50 μg ml-1 with recovery percentage of 99.95 ± 0.82 and 100.07 ± 0.84 for GTF and PRED, respectively. The separation of both drugs was accomplished in a very short chromatographic run (<5 min), the method is reproducible (R.S.D. < 1.0%) and show satisfactory resolution between GTF and PRED (Rs) = 1.67. The developed method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The limit of detection of the proposed method was 0.33 and 0.21 μg ml-1, and the limit of quantitation was 0.99 and 0.64 μg ml-1 for GTF and PRED, respectively.
Multiple sensitive eco-friendly analytical techniques were applied for the assessment of two important fourth-generation fluoroquinolones namely, gemifloxacin (GFX), and gatifloxacin (GTF). GFX, which is utilized as an essential adjunct therapy for the management of pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2 was determined by green indicating micellar liquid chromatographic in authentic powder and dosage forms. The separation was performed by using a reversed-phase C 18 column; the micellar mobile phase comprised of 12.5% npropanol, 0.15 M sodium lauryl sulfate, and 0.3% triethylamine in 0.02 M Ophosphoric acid adjusted to pH 3.0 and pumped at 1 ml/min flow rate and detected at 266 nm by UV detection. The method was linear over the range of 4.0-90 μg.ml À1 with a recovery percentage of 99.81 ± 0.69. The acidic degradation behavior of GFX along with the kinetic investigation was evaluated as recommended by ICH-stress conditions. The separation of the degradation product was performed in good elution time (less than 8 min), and the suggested technique has a good reproducibility (R.S.D. less than 1.0%) and provides an excellent resolution (R s = 4.5) between GFX and its degradation product. Concerning the second drug, GTF, simple, extremely sensitive, and accurate spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric techniques were adopted for the determination of the drug in its pharmaceutical preparations. The suggested approaches utilize the concept of complex formation with eosin Y in an aqueous buffered solution. Regarding the spectrophotometric method (method I), the binary complex has a maximum absorption at 544 nm, while for spectrofluorimetric determination (method II) the formed complex was recorded at λ em 491 nm after excitation at 286 nm. For both approaches, variables affecting the formation of the binary complexes were extensively investigated and optimized. The suggested techniques were shown to be rectilinear across the concentration range of 0.5-8 and 0.05-1 μg.ml À1 , respectively, with recovery percentages of 100.34 ± 0.85 and 99.90 ± 0.81 for method (I) and method (II), respectively. In compliance with ICH guidelines, the analytical performance of
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