This article argues that the study of political monitoring can be used to help situate the study of independent regulatory authorities (IRAs). Building upon previous work on the management of common pool resources and other literature on monitoring as a component of governance in larger systems, it looks broadly at liberal democracies’ use of IRAs as monitoring mechanisms. Identifying fundamental concepts and theoretical components in the study of political monitoring, this article argues that they can be used as a lens through which policy analysts can observe and compare IRAs, and thus move beyond descriptive analysis. While focusing on monitoring, as one of the functions of IRAs, it highlights theoretical concerns about how to best institutionalise policy-implementation mechanisms, especially in the area of market interventions and the governance of public goods.
Engineering consultation industry plays a central role in developing countries. This industry approaches risk management by using a set of practices related to risk which the industrial project are exposed. However, this limited angle does not satisfy the complexity and nature of real life risks. This paper introduces a systemic approach, supposedly to improve handling project risks through better identifying and managing project risks in the engineering consultancy in Egypt. The proposed model supports the holistic concepts of system definition and hazard identification. The model has been applied in one of Egyptian expert houses as a pilot project. Outcomes of this research will allow the engineering consultants to develop/improve performance if the proposed concepts of systemic risk management are applied.
This paper carries out a comparative analysis to determine the advantages and the stages of two agent-based methodologies: Multi-agent Systems Engineering (MaSE) methodology, which is designed specifically for an agent-based and complete lifecycle approach, while also being appropriate for understanding and developing complex open systems; Agent Systems Methodology (ASEME) suggests a modular Multi-Agent System (MAS) development approach and uses the concept of intra-agent control. We also examine the strengths and weaknesses of these methodologies and the dependencies between their models and their processes. Both methodologies are applied to develop The Guardian Angle: Patient-Centered Health Information System (GA: PCHIS), which is an example of agent-based applications used to improve health care information systems.
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