Abstract. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) present on or generated by
particulate matter (PM) have been implicated in PM-induced health effects.
Methodologies to quantify ROS concentrations vary widely, both in detection
and collection methods. However, there is currently an increasing emphasis on
rapid collection and measurement due to observations of short half-life ROS.
To address this problem, this paper details the design and
characterization of a novel instrument for the measurement of PM-bound ROS
named the Particle Into Nitroxide Quencher (PINQ). This instrument combines
the 9,10-bis (phenylethynyl) anthracene-nitroxide (BPEAnit) ROS assay in
conjunction with a purpose-built aerosol collection device, the insoluble
aerosol collector (IAC). The IAC continuously collects PM regardless of size
or chemistry directly into a liquid sample with a collection efficiency of
> 0.97 and a cut-off size of < 20 nm. The sampling time
resolution of the PINQ is 1 min, with a limit of detection (LOD) of
0.08 nmol m−3 in equivalent BPEAnit-Me concentration per volume of
air. This high sample time resolution and sensitivity is achieved due to a
combination of the highly concentrated IAC liquid sample, minimized liquid
sample volume, and the rapid reaction and stability of the BPEAnit probe.
Abstract. This research demonstrates the
use of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to characterize the gaseous
(CO2) and particle (10–500 nm) emissions of a ship at sea. The field
study was part of the research voyage “The Great Barrier Reef as a
significant source of climatically relevant aerosol particles” on board the
RV Investigator around the Australian Great Barrier Reef. Measurements of the
RV Investigator exhaust plume were carried out while the ship was operating
at sea, at a steady engine load of 30 %. The UAV system was flown autonomously using several different programmed
paths. These incorporated different altitudes and distances behind the ship
in order to investigate the optimal position to capture the ship plume. Five
flights were performed, providing a total of 27 horizontal transects
perpendicular to the ship exhaust plume. Results show that the most
appropriate altitude and distance to effectively capture the plume was 25 m a.s.l. and 20 m downwind. Particle number emission factors (EFPNs) were calculated in terms of
number of particles emitted (no.) per weight of fuel consumed (kgfuel).
Fuel consumption was calculated using the simultaneous measurements of plume
CO2 concentration. The calculated EFPN was 7.6±1.4×1015no. kgfuel-1 which is in line with those reported in the
literature for ship emissions ranging from 0.2 to 6.2×1016 no. kgfuel-1. This UAV system successfully assessed ship emissions to derive EFPN
under real world conditions. This is significant as it provides a novel,
relatively inexpensive and accessible way to assess ship EFPN at sea.
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