Market research finds that mobile commerce for 4G wireless systems will be dominated by basic human communication such as messaging, voice, and video communication. Because of its typically large bandwidth requirements, broadband communication is expected to emerge as the dominant type of traffic in 4G wireless systems. In this paper a new TCP based Multicarrier access technique named MC-CDMA for mitigating 4G requirements is proposed. This paper also presents analytical information regarding the transfer of TCP data flows on paths towards interconnected wireless systems, with emphasis on 4G cellular networks. The focus is on protocol modifications in face of problems arising from terminal mobility and wireless transmission. We advocate the use of TCP as the transport layer protocol for highspeed data in a Multi-Carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) system for 4G wireless communications.
Context: There are many medicinal plants that are utilized in traditional remedies to treat diabetes because diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant metabolic condition. One of these is the pharmacological herb Catharanthus roseus. In the herbal medicine system, the plant has been used to treat diabetes mellitus since ancient times.
Objective: In order to employ the plant material to treat diabetes, the current study set out to investigate the therapeutic effect of leaf extract from Catharanthus roseus as well as its safety profile.
Materials and Methods: The Catharanthus roseus extract was steeped in ethanol. Diabetes-induced rats with alloxan monohydrate were each given an ethanol extract of C. rosea. In pilot research, metformin plant extract was used in place of the widely prescribed anti-diabetic medication metformin, and it was found to be effective at lowering blood sugar levels while not causing hypoglycemia.
Results: Alloxan monohydrate was injected intraperitoneally into rats to cause diabetes at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, and the animals were also given ethanolic extracts of Catharanthus roseus leaves at doses of 500, 750, and 1100 mg/kg. Throughout the course of the trial, we checked the blood glucose levels of diabetic and control rats. After testing blood glucose levels, it was shown that all doses of Catharanthus roseus reduced the rats' unusually increased blood glucose levels. However, even 750 mg/kg significantly lowers blood sugar levels (p< 0.05). In our investigation, group 5 (alloxan + CR. Low Land) outperformed the other extract-treated groups. This shows that variations in geographic location may have an impact on plant ingredients and their bioactivity.
Conclusion: According to the study's findings, metformin and a leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus both relieved the pathological condition brought on by diabetes. It clearly shows that the Catharanthus roseus leaf extract has significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes.
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