The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is an ongoing, nationwide study of the effects of environmental influences on behavioral and brain development in adolescents.The ABCD Study is a collaborative effort, including a Coordinating Center, 21 data acquisition sites across the United States, and a Data Analysis and Informatics Center (DAIC). The main objective of the study is to recruit and assess over eleven thousand 9-10-year-olds and follow them over the course of 10 years to characterize normative brain and cognitive development, the many factors that influence brain development, and the effects of those factors on mental health and other outcomes. The study employs state-of-the-art multimodal brain imaging, cognitive and clinical assessments, bioassays, and careful assessment of substance use, environment, psychopathological symptoms, and social functioning. The data will provide a resource of unprecedented scale and depth for studying typical and atypical development. Here, we describe the baseline neuroimaging processing and subject-level analysis methods used by the ABCD DAIC in the centralized processing and extraction of neuroanatomical and functional imaging phenotypes. Neuroimaging processing and analyses include modality-specific corrections for distortions and motion, brain segmentation and cortical surface reconstruction derived from structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), analysis of brain microstructure using diffusion MRI (dMRI), task-related analysis of functional MRI (fMRI), and functional connectivity analysis of resting-state fMRI.
ObjectiveA potential distinguishing factor between more benign and transient psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) versus PLEs that predict risk for psychiatric disorders is whether the PLEs are sustained and distressing (sustained dPLEs). The current study examined associations of both sustained and transient dPLEs with relevant risk factors (e.g., cognition), use of mental health services, and functional correlates (e.g., school performance) in school-age children.MethodThe current study used three Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ study data waves to create sustained dPLE (n=272), transient dPLE (n=244), and control (n=272) groups. Hierarchical linear models examined whether these groups differed in terms of use of mental health services, functional correlates, family history of mental disorders, other symptoms (e.g., parent-rated psychotic symptoms, internalizing, externalizing symptoms), environmental factors (e.g., adverse childhood events [ACEs]), cognitive functioning, developmental milestone delays, and neuroimaging indices.ResultsSeveral factors were more strongly associated with sustained versus transient dPLEs, including use of mental health services (for sustained vs. controls: d=0.38), drop in grades (d=--.30), other symptoms (i.e., parent-rated psychotic, bipolar, internalizing, externalizing, suicidality; 0.33>ds<0.88), ACEs (d=.36), and lower fluid and executive functioning cognitive scores (-0.31>ds<-0.41). For most risk factors, the sustained dPLEs group showed the greatest impairments, followed by the transient group, with the control group showing the least impairments.ConclusionsThese results have implications for understanding the pathogenesis of dPLEs, including indicating that several factors may distinguish transient from persisting dPLEs in children, including higher symptoms and ACEs, lower executive functioning scores, greater use of mental health services, and worsening school performance.
There has been concern about the potential sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in children. This study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD) study to investigate associations between mTBI and behavior and sleep in school-aged children. Generalized additive mixed models were run to examine the association between TBI and parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist and Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children scores. mTBI with or without loss of consciousness (LOC) in 9- and 10-year old children was associated with 1) higher internalizing, externalizing and total problems and 2) greater sleep disturbance scores on the CBCL. The study also demonstrated a higher incidence of mTBI with and without LOC in boys compared to girls. This study shows a statistically significant but modest association between mTBI and behavioral and sleep changes, suggesting that in a non-clinical, sociodemographically diverse community sample of school-aged children mTBI does not result in clinically significant behavioral or psychological sequelae.
Physical health in childhood is crucial for neurobiological as well as overall development, and can shape long-term outcomes into adulthood. The landmark, longitudinal Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development StudySM (ABCD study), was designed to investigate brain development and health in almost 12,000 youth who were recruited when they were 9-10 years old and will be followed through adolescence and early adulthood. The overall goal of this paper is to provide descriptive analyses of physical health measures in the ABCD study at baseline, including but not limited to sleep, physical activity and sports involvement, and body mass index, and how these measures vary across demographic groups. This paper outlines how the physical health of the ABCD sample corresponds with that of the US population and highlights important avenues for health disparity research. This manuscript will provide important information for ABCD users and help guide analyses investigating physical health as it pertains to adolescent and young adult development.
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