BackgroundSubstance use during pregnancy and motherhood is both a public health and criminal justice concern. Negative health consequences associated with substance use impact both the mother and the developing fetus, and there are ongoing attempts to criminalize substance use during pregnancy that put pregnant substance-using women at risk of detection, arrest, and punishment. This study explored the experiences of substance-using mothers as they navigated health and criminal justice consequences and accessed needed resources in the community.MethodsIn-depth life history interviews were conducted with 30 recently-pregnant women who had used alcohol or other drugs during their pregnancies. The three-part interview schedule included questions about past and current substance use, life history, and experiences with criminal justice authorities, child protective services, and health professionals.ResultsWomen’s stories highlighted their strategies for managing their risk of detection by health or criminal justice authorities, including isolating themselves from others, skipping treatment appointments, or avoiding treatment altogether. Women described multiple barriers to treatment and healthcare, including a lack of suitable treatment options and difficulty finding and enrolling in treatment.ConclusionThe findings suggest that policies that substance-using women find threatening discourage them from seeking comprehensive medical treatment during their pregnancies. The implications of the findings are discussed, particularly the need for further expansion of treatment programs and social services to meet the needs of substance-using women.

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The current study employs a prospective mixed-methods design to examine women parolees’ identities early in their supervision and the association of their identity development at that point to their record of subsequent arrests. Guided by narrative identity theory, we first conduct quantitative analysis of the relationship between redemption and contamination narratives and subsequent arrests. We then return to the qualitative interview data to search for additional explanatory themes that shed further light on women’s identity and desistance from crime. Results indicate that identity verification from parole officers and others increases women’s self-esteem and assists them in overcoming barriers to desistance.

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This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 5.3.4 | Assessment of risk of bias in included studies Researchers reviewed the articles using separate quality review protocols (see Appendix D for full versions of each protocol) based on the type of study as follows:

The current study explores how online media framed the police shooting of 12-yearold Tamir Rice in Cleveland, OH. We conducted a qualitative content analysis of a large sample of online news articles published in the first 48 hours following the event. In doing so, we consider how online media outlets used headlines, narrative, quotes, and images to frame this emerging story. We find that the online news media framed the shooting of Rice in ways that largely supported the official police narrative of the event. Rice was projected as a noncompliant and threatening subject and the police as reacting out of concerns for public safety. Unlike international sources, relatively few domestic news sources linked this incident to the larger issues of race and police use of force in the United States. The dominant frame promotes a moral evaluation of the event that downplays police responsibility and promotes localized, nonsystemic solutions as opposed to widespread policing reform. Keywords deadly force, race and policing, racial profiling, treatment by the police, race and public opinion, African/Black Americans, race/ethnicity, media On Saturday, November 22, 2014, 12-year-old Tamir Rice was playing with a fake gun in a park near the Cudell Recreation Center in Cleveland, OH. Shortly before 3:30 p.m., another park visitor made a 911 call to report "a guy in here with a pistol, you

This qualitative study explored themes about barriers to substance use treatment for women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) and opioid use in rural Vermont. The goal was to collect descriptive information to aid in the development of intervention ideas to facilitate better treatment access for women in this situation. Methods: One-on-one telephone interviews with 33 rural Vermont women who experienced both IPV and opioid use took place between February and August 2019. Findings: There were 5 main themes that emerged as barriers to accessing needed services: (1) geographic isolation and transportation difficulties, (2) inaccessibility of existing services, (3) lack of integrated substance use treatment and domestic violence services, (4) social isolation, and (5) amplification of stigma in small rural communities. Conclusions: Improved access to care and increased collaboration between IPV and substance use service providers are required to better serve rural communities in which IPV and opioid use disorder are concurrent problems.

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