A clear majority of the UK general public perceive alcohol advertisements to breach the BCAP Code, suggesting that the current regulatory system for UK television alcohol advertisements is inadequate.

of open aneurysm repair (OAR). The fact that survival from treatment has not changed, however, has little to do with declining incidence and mortality from AAA in the popula 4,5 Screening programs need periodic reassessment. It is time to reassess this one.

Understanding the selective forces that shape dispersal strategies is a fundamental goal of evolutionary ecology and is increasingly important in changing, human‐altered environments. Sex‐biased dispersal (SBD) is common in dioecious taxa, and understanding variation in the direction and magnitude of SBD across taxa has been a persistent challenge. We took a comparative, laboratory‐based approach using 16 groups (species or strains) of bean beetles (genera Acanthoscelides, Callosobruchus, and Zabrotes, including 10 strains of one species) to test two predictions that emerge from dominant hypotheses for the evolution of SBD: (1) groups that suffer greater costs of inbreeding should exhibit greater SBD in favor of either sex (inbreeding avoidance hypothesis) and (2) groups with stronger local mate competition should exhibit greater male bias in dispersal (kin competition avoidance hypothesis). We used laboratory experiments to quantify SBD in crawling dispersal, the fitness effects of inbreeding, and the degree of polygyny (number of female mates per male), a proxy for local mate competition. While we found that both polygyny and male‐biased dispersal were common across bean beetle groups, consistent with the kin competition avoidance hypothesis, quantitative relationships between trait values did not support the predictions. Across groups, there was no significant association between SBD and effects of inbreeding nor SBD and degree of polygyny, using either raw values or phylogenetically independent contrasts. We discuss possible limitations of our experimental approach for detecting the predicted relationships, as well as reasons why single‐factor hypotheses may be too simplistic to explain the evolution of SBD.

We re-explore Abel-Smith and Townsend's landmark study of poverty in early post WW2 Britain. They found a large increase in poverty between 1953-4 and 1960, a period of relatively strong economic growth. Our re-examination is a first exploitation of the data extracted from the recent digitisation of the Ministry of Labour's Enquiry into Household Expenditure in 1953-4. First we closely replicate their results. We find that Abel-Smith and Townsend's method generated a greater rise in poverty than other reasonable methods. Using contemporary standard poverty lines, we find that the relative poverty rate grew only a little at most, and the absolute poverty rate fell, between 1953-4 and 1961, as might be expected in a period of rising real incomes and steady inequality. We also extend the poverty rate time series of Goodman and Webb (1995) back to 1953-4.

The problems with the official British cost of living index (COLI) are widely recognised, however analysis has largely focused on the degree to which it diverges from the alternative indexes constructed by Stone and Rowe, Seers and Gazeley. 2 The history of the index itself and the reasons why it was inaccurate have been largely overlooked. Stapleford's comprehensive account of the COLI in America has demonstrated the benefits to be derived from such a study. He highlights how 'controversy and power have walked hand in hand throughout the history of the CPI'. The potential of indexation to deliver a rational, objective and empirical form of governance, he argues, fuelled its growing importance within the economy. In practice, however, 'judgements with political valences extend all the way through the calculation process'. This tension meant that rather than being apolitical, the history of the index was fraught with political contestation. 3 There are strong affinities between the history of the COLI in America and Britain. On each side of the Atlantic, the elevation of the index reflected both the ascendency of experts within government and the development of a more interventionist state, fuelled by wars and depression. Nevertheless, the evolution of the indexes was shaped by the distinctive history of each nation. This article seeks to examine the particular chronology of the British index by embedding the narrative of The only substantial work on the history of the British index is an article by Wright. Whitehall,[79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][114][115][116][117][118][119][120] See Trentmann, Free trade nation. Agar, The government machine, pp.97-8.