BackgroundScientists and practitioners alike need reliable, valid measures of contextual factors that influence implementation. Yet, few existing measures demonstrate reliability or validity. To meet this need, we developed and assessed the psychometric properties of measures of several constructs within the Inner Setting domain of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR).MethodsWe searched the literature for existing measures for the 7 Inner Setting domain constructs (Culture Overall, Culture Stress, Culture Effort, Implementation Climate, Learning Climate, Leadership Engagement, and Available Resources). We adapted items for the healthcare context, pilot-tested the adapted measures in 4 Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs), and implemented the revised measures in 78 FQHCs in the 7 states (N = 327 respondents) with a focus on colorectal cancer (CRC) screening practices. To psychometrically assess our measures, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis models (CFA; structural validity), assessed inter-item consistency (reliability), computed scale correlations (discriminant validity), and calculated inter-rater reliability and agreement (organization-level construct reliability and validity).ResultsCFAs for most constructs exhibited good model fit (CFI > 0.90, TLI > 0.90, SRMR < 0.08, RMSEA < 0.08), with almost all factor loadings exceeding 0.40. Scale reliabilities ranged from good (0.7 ≤ α < 0.9) to excellent (α ≥ 0.9). Scale correlations fell below 0.90, indicating discriminant validity. Inter-rater reliability and agreement were sufficiently high to justify measuring constructs at the clinic-level.ConclusionsOur findings provide psychometric evidence in support of the CFIR Inner Setting measures. Our findings also suggest the Inner Setting measures from individuals can be aggregated to represent the clinic-level. Measurement of the Inner Setting constructs can be useful in better understanding and predicting implementation in FQHCs and can be used to identify targets of strategies to accelerate and enhance implementation efforts in FQHCs.

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Background-The recent proliferation of studies describing factors associated with HPV vaccine acceptability could inform health care providers in improving vaccine coverage and support future research. This review examined measures of HPV and HPV-vaccine knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and acceptability, described psychometric characteristics, and provided recommendations about their use.

Minimal intervention was effective in promoting smoke-free homes in low income households and offers a potentially scalable model for protecting children and adult nonsmokers from secondhand smoke exposure in their homes.

The Cancer Prevention and Control Research Network (CPCRN) surveyed 282 cancer control planners to inform its efforts to increase the use of evidence-based cancer control programs (EBPs; programs that have been scientifically tested and successfully changed behavior). Respondents included planners from organizations in state Comprehensive Cancer Control coalitions as well as other governmental and non-governmental organizations, and community-based coalitions.Respondents provided information about personal and organizational characteristics, their cancer control programs, their attitudes toward EBPs, and their awareness and use of Web-based NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript resources for EBPs. Although findings showed strong preferences for cancer control programs that have been shown to work, less than half of respondents (48%) had ever used EBP resources. Regardless of whether they had used EBP resources, almost all respondents (97%) indicated that further training would help them and their organization adopt and adapt EBPs for use in their communities. The most frequently endorsed training needs were finding and securing additional resources (such as funding and technical assistance), followed by adapting EBPs for cultural appropriateness. The CPCRN consortium is using these findings to develop a Web-based interactive training and decision support tool that is responsive to the needs identified by the survey respondents.The U.S. National Cancer Institute calls for increased adoption of evidence-based programs (EBPs; interventions that are scientifically tested and successful in changing behavior) in their Strategic Plan for Leading the Nation. Evidence-Based Approaches Workgroup to address gaps in our community partners' awareness of and capacity to use EBPs.Apart from evaluation surveys of those attending EBP training sessions or using EBP resources, we were unable to find audience research assessing cancer control planners' perceptions of EBPs or their needs for EBP training. We elected to conduct a survey of community-based cancer control planners to assess their awareness of and willingness to use EBPs, their awareness and use of current EBP resources, and their perceived training needs to use EBPs. We reasoned that knowledge gained from this survey would serve as a critical first step in identifying gaps in cancer control planners' awareness and capacity to use EBPs and enable the Evidence-Based Approaches Workgroup and other dissemination and implementation scientists to create resources to fill these gaps. MethodsSample CPCRN partner organizations include (but are not limited to) government agencies, health care delivery organizations, voluntary health and service organizations, community-based organizations, and members of state Comprehensive Cancer Control coalitions. To meet the goals of obtaining a representative sample of our partner organizations and collecting all data in a 3-month time period, Centers agreed that it would be feasible to complete ...

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Introduction Public perceptions of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) remain poorly understood because surveys are too costly to regularly implement and when implemented there are large delays between data collection and dissemination. Search query surveillance has bridged some of these gaps. Herein, ENDS’ popularity in the U.S. is reassessed using Google searches. Methods ENDS searches originating in the U.S. from January 2009 through January 2015 were disaggregated by terms focused on e-cigarette (e.g., e-cig) versus vaping (e.g., vapers), their geolocation (e.g., state), the aggregate tobacco control measures corresponding to their geolocation (e.g., clean indoor air laws), and by terms that indicated the searcher’s potential interest (e.g., buy e-cigs likely indicates shopping); all analyzed in 2015. Results ENDS searches are increasing across the entire U.S., with 8,498,180 searches during 2014. At the same time, searches shifted from e-cigarette- to vaping-focused terms, especially in coastal states and states with more anti-smoking norms. For example, nationally, e-cigarette searches declined 9% (95% CI=1%, 16%) during 2014 compared with 2013, whereas vaping searches increased 136% (95% CI=97%, 186%), surpassing e-cigarette searches. More ENDS searches were related to shopping (e.g., vape shop) than health concerns (e.g., vaping risks) or cessation (e.g., quit smoking with e-cigs), with shopping searches nearly doubling during 2014. Conclusions ENDS popularity is rapidly growing and evolving, and monitoring searches has provided these timely insights. These findings may inform survey questionnaire development for follow-up investigation and immediately guide policy debates about how the public perceives ENDS’ health risks or cessation benefits.

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