The objective of this project is to produce a review of available and validated technologies suitable for gathering biomechanical and functional research data in patients with osteoarthritis (OA), outside of a traditionally fixed laboratory setting. A scoping review was conducted using defined search terms across three databases (Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, and PEDro), and additional sources of information from grey literature were added. One author carried out an initial title and abstract review, and two authors independently completed full-text screenings. Out of the total 5,164 articles screened, 75 were included based on inclusion criteria covering a range of technologies in articles published from 2015. These were subsequently categorised by technology type, parameters measured, level of remoteness, and a separate table of commercially available systems. The results concluded that from the growing number of available and emerging technologies, there is a well-established range in use and further in development. Of particular note are the wide-ranging available inertial measurement unit systems and the breadth of technology available to record basic gait spatiotemporal measures with highly beneficial and informative functional outputs. With the majority of technologies categorised as suitable for part-remote use, the number of technologies that are usable and fully remote is rare and they usually employ smartphone software to enable this. With many systems being developed for camera-based technology, such technology is likely to increase in usability and availability as computational models are being developed with increased sensitivities to recognise patterns of movement, enabling data collection in the wider environment and reducing costs and creating a better understanding of OA patient biomechanical and functional movement data.
The objective of the project was to produce a review of available and validated technology suitable for gathering biomechanical and functional research data in patients with osteoarthritis (OA), outside of a traditional fixed laboratory setting. A scoping review was conducted using defined search terms across three databases (SCOPUS, OVID MEDLINE, and PEDRO) and additional sources of information from grey literature were added. One author carried out an initial title and abstract review, and two authors independently completed full text screenings. Out of the total 5,164 articles screened, 75 were included based on inclusion criteria covering a range of technologies in articles published from 2015. These were subsequently categorised by technology type (wearables-IMUs, wearables-other, insoles/platforms and cameras) and metric (kinematic and spatiotemporal measures (SPTs), kinetic and SPTs, joint angles/ROM only and EMG), and as suitable for portable, part remote or remote use. Those technologies that are commercially available were also identified. Results concluded that from the growing number of available and emerging technologies, there is a well-established range in use. These are primarily inertial measurement units, as well as other wearables and camera-based technologies, particularly for collection of gait SPTs. Results demonstrate that biomechanical and functional remote data collection is both feasible and has growing potential for OA researchers.
Objective
With an increasingly ageing population and osteoarthritis prevalence, the quantification of nociceptive signals responsible for painful movements and individual responses could lead to better treatment and monitoring solutions. Changes in electrodermal activity (EDA) can be detected via changes in skin conductance (SC) and measured using finger electrodes on a wearable sensor, providing objective information for increased physiological stress response.
Results
To provide EDA response preliminary data, this was recorded with healthy volunteers on an array of activities while receiving a noxious stimulus. This provides a defined scenario that can be utilised as protocol feasibility testing. Raw signal extraction, processing and statistical analysis was performed using mean SC values on all participant data. Extra exploratory analysis on a case study was incorporated using various decomposition tools. The application of the stimuli resulted in a 35% average increase in mean SC with considerable gender differences in SC and self-reported pain scores. Though EDA parameters are a promising tool for nociceptive response indicators, limitations including motion artifact sensitivities and lack of previous movement-based EDA published data result in restricted analysis understanding. Refined processing pipelines with signal decomposition tools will be necessary to incorporate into a protocol that quantifies nociceptive response clinically meaningfully.
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