Статистика по Израилю была предоставлена национальными ведомствами и находится целиком в зоне их ответственности. Она используется ОЭСР без учета особого международного статуса Голанских высот, Восточного Иерусалима и израильских поселений на Западном берегу реки Иордан. 6 В 2012 г. в Германии проводилось дополнительное обследование, охватившее не только докторов наук, но и других выпускников вузов. 7 В предыдущих раундах сбора данных некоторые страны также использовали собственные переписи для наполнения базы CDH или формирования национальных реестров докторов наук. Вероятно, этого следует ожидать и в будущем. 8 Дополнительные сведения о методологии проекта CDH приведены в документе Евростата [Eurostat, 2011]. Форсайт т. 7. № 4 2013 Наука рис. 1. удельный вес выпускников докторских программ в численности населения соответствующей возрастной когорты: 2000 и 2009 (%) Швейцария Швеция Португалия Финляндия Германия Словакия Великобритания Австрия Австралия (2003) Нидерланды Дания Норвегия США Словения ОЭСР Франция Новая Зеландия Греция (2007)

Recent supply disruptions catapulted the issue of risk in global supply chains (GSCs) to the top of policy agendas and created the impression that shortages would have been less severe if GSCs had been either shorter and more domestic or more diversified. But is this right? We start our answer by reviewing studies that look at risks to and from GSCs and at how GSCs have recovered from past shocks. We then look at whether GSCs are too risky, starting with business research on how firms approach the cost-resilience trade-off. We propose the risk-versus-reward framework from portfolio theory as a good way to evaluate whether anti-risk policy is justified. We then discuss how exposures to foreign shocks are measured and argue that exposure is higher than direct indicators imply. Finally, we consider the future of GSCs in light of current policy proposals and advancing technology before pointing to the rich menu of topics for future research on the risk-GSC nexus. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Economics, Volume 14 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

JT03347919Complete document available on OLIS in its original format This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. STI WORKING PAPER SERIESThe Working Paper series of the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry is designed to make available to a wider readership selected studies prepared by staff in the Directorate or by outside consultants working on OECD projects. The papers included in the series cover a broad range of issues, of both a technical and policy-analytical nature, in the areas of work of the DSTI. The Working Papers are generally available only in their original language -English or French -with a summary in the other.Comments on the papers are invited, and should be sent to the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, OECD, 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.The opinions expressed in these papers are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or of the governments of its member countries. There has been a steady increase in the number of doctoral degrees being awarded across the OECD and the evidence points to a sustained labour market premium of doctorate holders relative to other highly qualified individuals in 2009, prior to the potential impact of the economic crisis. Women and younger doctoral graduates, however, fare relatively worse in terms of employment rates, but these results are less marked than for lower degree holders. While temporary positions are increasingly common in academics, coinciding with the rise of postdoctoral positions, they are less so in business. Natural scientists and engineers are those who are more likely to be engaged in research, while social scientists find more opportunities in non-research occupations. Doctorate holders in the medical and health sciences are generally better paid. Earnings are also typically higher in the business sector than in other sectors, but there are exceptions. Job mobility patterns differ markedly across countries, with mobility being more frequent among doctorates not working in research. Oftentimes mobility from the business sector to the higher education sector is higher than the other way around. International mobility, as well as migration of doctoral graduates, have kept increasing over the decade. 1.This analysis, carried out in 2011-12, has partly been financed by the European Commission (DG Research and Innovation) as part of the FP7 Programme. It has greatly benefitted from comments by the participants in the project and in the final conference held on 3 December 2012 in Brussels.

No abstract