Morphological variability of paranasal sinuses is well known for endoscopic surgeons and anatomists alike. The ethmoid sinus is the most complex and variable of all paranasal sinuses, due to the fact that its development is not yet well known and is influenced by many factors. Volumetric studies of the sinuses have been made using dried skulls, cadaver heads and imaging studies, but there are still not sufficient data in order to name a standard value for each sinus. Few data can be found especially regarding the ethmoid sinus. In this paper, we measured the volumes of ethmoid lateral masses, and for anterior and posterior groups of cells, using imaging studies and a volumetric feature of our imaging studies. Results showed an average volume between 7.34 cm3 and 8.39 cm3for the ethmoid lateral mass, between 4.33 cm3and 4.92 cm3 for the anterior ethmoid and between 3.01 cm3and 3.47 cm3for the posterior ethmoid groups. We also found that the average volume of the anterior ethmoid occupies between 58-59% of the whole volume, while the posterior ethmoid occupies only 41-42% of this volume.
Background: Preoperative imaging assessment is essential to draw an accurate map of endometriotic lesions. Knowledge of the extension and severity of disease is paramount for the surgical team in order to plan the type of surgery, complete the operating team and properly inform the patient with details of the risks. Material and Method: Transvaginal ultrasound is the fi rst-line imaging technique for ovarian and deep infi ltrating endometriosis, but the accuracy of the diagnosis is proportional with the experience of the operator. Respecting the four steps of ultrasound evaluation technique decreases the probability of misdiagnosis. Step 1 include evaluation of the uterus and adnexa, step 2-evaluation of "soft marker", step 3-assessment of the Pouch of Douglas using "sliding sign" and step 4-assessment of anterior pelvic compartment (urinary bladder, uterovesical region and ureters) and posterior pelvic compartment (rectovaginal septum, posterior vaginal fornix, uterosacral ligaments, rectum and sigmoid). MRI is performed as an additional examination in complex cases prior to surgery, in symptomatic patients with negative or equivocal ultrasound fi ndings and it can be useful for diagnosis of multiple sites of deep infi ltrating endometriosis. Results: Important information from recent guidelines and relevant literature are highlighted. Ovarian and deep endometriosis diagnosed by ultrasound scan and MRI imaging-case series (personal experience) will be commented. Conclusion: As with cancer pathology, the success of treatment depends on complete excision of the endometriotic lesions. Rigorous imaging investigation avoids "the tip of the iceberg" mirage and enhances the quality of medical care.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.