Background: Dirofilariasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection transmitted from animals to humans by culicid mosquitoes. Although the disease can be caused by Dirofilaria spp. including Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens, human ocular dirofilariasis due to D. immitis is relatively rare in the world. This study was aimed to present a case of ocular dirofilariasis caused by D. immitis in southeastern Iran. Case presentation: A nematode extracted from the right eye of a 69-year-old man referred with clinical symptoms including itching and redness was examined. After the morphometric analysis, Dirofilaria parasite was detected. Afterwards, a piece of worm body was cut and DNA was extracted and a 680-bp gene fragment amplification and nucleotide sequencing were performed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a D. immitis roundworm as the causative agent of infection. The patient was treated with antibiotics and corticosteroid and followed up for 1 month. Conclusion: The present study provides the second report on ocular dirofilariasis caused by D. immitis isolated from a human in southeast Iran. Based on the available evidence, dirofilariasis in dogs has significantly increased in endemic areas such as Iran. Therefore, physicians should be aware of such zoonotic nematodes so as to take proper and timely action and treatment against the disease.

A 39-year-old man presented with progressive visual loss in both eyes. His past medical history was remarkable for biopsy-proven bilateral adrenal phaeochromocytomas. Ophthalmoscopy revealed an optic nerve head angioma and macular lipid exudates in the right eye and a regressed optic nerve head angioma in the left eye. A fluorescein angiogram revealed a lobulated pattern of leakage and venous staining from the optic nerve head angioma. Brain and orbital magnetic resonance imaging showed haemangioblastomas of the right intraorbital and left paraclinoid optic nerves and in the left cerebellopontine angle area. These findings were consistent with a clinical diagnosis of von Hippel-Lindau disease.

PurposeWe present spontaneous retrobulbar hemorrhage in a 52-year-old woman with history of breast cancer and tamoxifen intake which was first thought to be an orbital metastasis.Case reportA 52-year-old woman with history of breast cancer and tamoxifen intake was referred due to severe proptosis and visual loss. Orbital imaging showed an intra-conal mass. After exploration, multiple fragments of dark brown mass in the retrobulbar area were excised. Microscopic diagnosis was blood clot. All of clinical signs and symptoms were improved 1 week after operation.ConclusionSpontaneous retrobulbar hemorrhage is a rare condition that may have unknown etiologies, and its symptoms may mimic orbital metastasis. Since both breast cancer and tamoxifen intake can cause coagulation disorders, they might be possible causes for retrobulbar hemorrhage in this case.