Halitosis, a term derived from the Latin word halitus (breath) and the Greek suffix -osis is used to describe an unpleasant odour in expired air originating from oral or systemic sources. 1,2 The main compounds causing the unpleasant odour are volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) that are produced by gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. 1 Studies have shown that, in the majority of cases, halitosis originates from the oral cavity, and the rest are caused by infections of the upper respiratory tract, systemic diseases, such as liver cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus or renal diseases, or exogenous reasons, such as alcohol consumption, smoking and eating certain odoriferous foods. [3][4][5][6] The
Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) reduces dimensional changes following tooth extraction. We evaluated the changes in alveolar ridge dimensions after ARP using bone substitutes and collagen membranes. Objectives included the tomographic evaluation of sites prior to extraction and six months after ARP and the assessment of the extent ARP preserved the ridge and reduced the need for additional augmentation at the time of implant placement. A total of 12 participants who underwent ARP in the Postgraduate Periodontics Clinic (Faculty of Dentistry) were included. Cone beam computed tomography images were used to retrospectively assess 17 sites prior to and six months after dental extraction. Alveolar ridge changes were recorded and analysed using reproducible reference points. The alveolar ridge height was measured at buccal and palatal/lingual aspects, whilst width was measured at crestal level, 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm below the crest. Statistically significant changes were found in alveolar ridge width at all four heights, with mean reduction differences ranging from 1.16 mm to 2.84 mm. Likewise, significant changes in the palatal/lingual alveolar ridge height (1.28 mm) were observed. However, changes of 0.79 mm in buccal alveolar ridge height were not significant (p = 0.077). Although ARP reduced dimensional changes following a tooth extraction, some degree of alveolar ridge collapse could not be avoided. The amount of resorption on the buccal aspect of the ridge was less compared to the palatal/lingual after ARP. This indicated that the use of bone substitutes and collagen membranes was effective in reducing changes in the buccal alveolar ridge height.
INTRODUCTION: Fibrous epulis with ossifi cation is a type of gingival overgrowth that is occasionally encountered by dental practitioners. It should be managed carefully, with deep understanding of its exacerbating factors, to reduce the risk of gingival recession and recurrence. OBJECTIVE: To report the characteristics and management of a clinical case of fi brous epulis with ossifi cation, in the anterior maxillary region on a young female patient, and present a review of the literature. CASE REPORT: A 14-year-old healthy female patient was referred by her general dentist to the Periodontology clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, for the treatment of a lesion on the buccal gingiva of her right maxillary lateral incisor. Th e lesion initially presented as an asymptomatic non-healing ulcer, which progressed into a pedunculated swelling over a time frame of eight weeks. Th e management of this lesion involved excisional biopsy using surgical scalpel and diode laser, followed by a strict follow-up protocol and oral hygiene reinforcement. CONCLUSION: Review of this patient showed uneventful healing, with minimal gingival recession and no signs of recurrence. Report from histology found that the lesion was consistent with fi brous epulis with ossifi cation. Th is case highlights on the importance of reviewing ulcerative lesions to ensure complete resolution or facilitate appropriate timely referral.
An increase in dental implant placements in recent years has seen a growth in the reported cases of post-operative complications such as peri-implantitis. One of the available treatment modalities to overcome such complications is implantoplasty. Although this procedure is not new, the long-term effect of implantoplasty has not been addressed extensively. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the change in fracture resistance of dental implants after implantoplasty. Three electronic databases and reference lists of included studies were searched to assess the potential effect of implantoplasty on implant fracture resistance. Titles and abstracts were screened by two reviewers in parallel. The extracted information regarding implant fracture resistance was reported based on the guidelines set by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. A total of 56 studies were identified, of which, nine studies were included. Narrow platform implants (<3.75 mm) were more susceptible to fracture following implantoplasty compared to wider platforms (?5 mm). Implants with internal hexagon connection may have a higher risk of fracture after implantoplasty compared to other connection designs such as external hexagon and conical connections. Other potential factors which may affect implant fracture resistance after implantoplasty include crown to implant ratio, implant material, and the amount of peri-implant bone loss. Within the limitation of in vitro studies, there is no clear evidence to demonstrate the effect of implantoplasty on implant fracture resistance. Methodological differences between the available studies did not allow for clear comparison between them. Furthermore, the limited amount of clinical reports of this resective procedure, in combination with patient and operator variability, affect the clinical assessment of this treatment modality.
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