Anterior and inversion stress were applied to the lateral ligaments of the ankle and the findings compared with the arthrograms. Fifty-five patients underwent stress radiography of both ankles and arthrography of the injured ankle within 72 hours of acute injury to the lateral ligaments. Ten patients had normal arthrograms and 45 had evidence of ligamentous injury. Anterior stress measurements could not be correlated with arthrography, and no differentiation between single and double ligament tears could be made. Inversion stress testing was very accurate in predicting ligamentous injury when the angle of inversion was 10 degrees or greater but achieved this degree of accuracy in only 38.2% of patients.
Interobserver agreement was very good among the radiology attending physicians and resident and moderate with the urologist. The examination is an accurate technique in the evaluation of ureteral stone disease, although limitations exist, particularly in the diagnosis of minimally obstructing distal ureteral calculi.
The authors provide a polygraph primer for police psychologists involved in law enforcement personnel selection. Law-enforcement pre-employment polygraph examinations are a decision-support tool intended to add incremental validity to the personnel selection process. Problems stemming from the use of the polygraph may be related to misunderstanding of the polygraph test and to field practices surrounding the use of polygraphy in the police selection process. Potential problems can result from ineffective selection of test issues, poorly constructed test questions and misguided policies surrounding the use of the polygraph. The authors review the history of polygraph screening, research, and field practices, and suggest that using polygraph results alone to disqualify a candidate from employment is a misguided field practice. Suggestions are offered for maximizing the decision-support value of the polygraph. Polygraph examination targets are discussed, with emphasis on selecting actuarially derived predictors associated with increased success in law enforcement training and job performance. The authors provide recommendations for field practice, and propose that police psychologists may be most suited to effectively integrate the polygraph results and information into the hiring recommendation process
This study evaluated the effectiveness of classroom moral dilemma discussions. The moral reasoning of sixth graders was assessed before and after an eight week moral education program. Students led by teachers with extended training made greater progress than students led by teachers with limited preparation. Likewise, classrooms led by teachers who were able to assess students' level of moral reasoning were more effective. Results failed to indicate a strong relationship between traditional student measures and stage growth induced by developmental moral education.
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