ALTHOUGH Rene Semelaigne has given us some useful monographs XJL on the French psychiatrists of the 19th century, a history of the ideas governing the study of mental hygiene is still lacking. Gregory Zilboorg has endeavored to trace this history over a period of 25 centuries, but, whatever the merits of his book, it cannot furnish us with the needed details on any particular period, and particularly on the 19th century, which was so rich in ideas. The concept of monomania is an interesting subject because, although clinically false, it had a great influence on medical jurisprudence. Before the work of Esquirol, 1 individuals who had committed crimes or misdemeanors were considered mentally ill only if they were in a state of actual delirium or dementia. No effort was made, as a rule, to ascertain their condition, because in such cases judges, juries, and doctors could easily diagnose it. Matters changed when the observation of doctors and judges was brought to bear on cases of partial delirium. It is the first medico-legal discussions dealing with this subject of monomania that I intend to describe here. As a number of pamphlets bearing on the subject are very hard to find, I shall include long quotations which will allow the reader to estimate for himself the ideas of the epoch. Before taking up the discussions, let us examine the original descriptions given by Esquirol of homicidal monomania and lypemania. Before his time and throughout the 18 th century, cases of partial delirium were described by the term of melancholia. But Esquirol, like Benjamin Rush, objected to this term because it implied a biliary etiology which was erroneous. That is why he abandoned the old term and replaced it by those of monomania and lypemania. * Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes and New on the "Passions considered as causes, symp-York Institute of Psychoanalysis. toms and curative means in insanity." 1 Jean Etienne Esquirol was born in Tou-• In 1817 he introduced the first teaching of louse in 1772 and studied there. He com-psychiatry in France. He had many and very pleted his education at Montpellier and came distinguished students, In 1825 he became Dito Paris in 1799. There he worked at the rector of the Asylum in Charenton, and he Salpetriere, where he became the favorite pu-wrote the history of that institution. He died pil of Philippe Pinel. In 1805, he wrote a thesis in 1840.
The Grand Canyon in northwestern Arizona has long been a favorite area of study for geologists from all parts of the world, but until recently little intensive archaeological work has been done within the canyon itself. In 1953 the senior author began to investigate Cataract Creek Canyon, the only major drainage leading from the Coconino Plateau on the south to the Colorado River. Also in this year Walter W. Taylor (1954) made a quick survey of the lower reaches of the Grand Canyon by boat, but due to high and fast water he was unable to locate many sites. The present project was the first major excavation to be carried on in the main canyon area and it revealed material that should stimulate further work in the region.
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