The prediction of diseases caused by viral infections is a complex medical task where many real data that consists of different variables must be employed. As known, COVID-19 is the most dangerous disease worldwide; nowhere, an effective drug has been found yet. To limit its spread, it is essential to find a rational method that shows the spread of this virus by relying on many infected people’s data. A model consisting of three artificial neural networks’ (ANN) functions was developed to predict COVID-19 separation in Iraq based on real infection data supplied by the public health department at the Iraqi Ministry of Health. The performance efficiency of this model was evaluated, where its performance efficiency reached 81.6% when employed four statistical error criteria as mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination ( R 2 ), and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NC). The severity of the virus’s spread across Iraq was assessed in a short term (in the next 6 months), where the results show that the spread severity will intensify in this short term by 17.1%, and the average death cases will increase by 8.3%. These results clarified by creating spatial distribution maps for virus spread are simulated by employing a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment to be used as a useful database for developing plans for combating viruses in Iraq.

Analysis of the terrain using three-dimensional models offers a deep insight view of ground surface topography and terrain representation. The Chinara anticline is one of the main structures of NW-SE trends for the highly folded zone in northeastern Iraq. The objective of this study is to understand the interrelationship between topography and morphotectonic features using three-dimensional models. This research employed fourth generates principal raster derivative products from the DEM using ArcGIS. To understand the undulating of this anticline with the morphotectonic style, the adaptive equation has been suggested to determine the direction and amount of the main tectonic forces, which can be applied to other undulated anticlines. The values of northeastern and southwestern limbs undulating index UI are 11.7 and 7.8 respectively that indicates the strong tectonic force towards the northeast. Two listric faults have been conducted via the field survey that confirmed by remotely sensed interpretation and DEM products. These listric faults had an intensive impact in comparison with concluded strike-slip faults, and then the Chinara anticline would be less structural undulating in a region of vicinity syncline to Perat undulation. The morphotectonic landscapes reveal that the listric fault has branched into two parts, the first one extending to form the anticline and the other comprises the structural dilemma.

Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus image data was used to identify and map alluvial fans features in Shaikh Ibrahim anticline northern Iraq. In the present study, an active flowchart was design to extract and determine alluvial fans using digital image processing operations and digital elevation analysis. Two image processing methods including (image transformation and image enhancement) were used. Image transformation including principal component analysis (PCA) and ratio images (RI) analysis, while image enhancement operation including false color composite images (FCC). In image transformation processing, Based on the detailed analysis of eigenvectors and eigenvalues derived from different combinations of (PCA), five (PC) images of bands (13457) have been extracted and –PC4 has relatively strong positive loading for band 5 (0.632166) and high negative loading for band 7 (-0.369417) consequently, PC4 was given effective delineation about the major alluvial fans at the southwestern footslope from Shaikh Ibrahim anticline. In ratio image analysis, A combination of (RI) based on the spectral characteristics of alluvial fans materials were selected. Image enhancement includes A false color image of the subscene was produced by assigning band (741). This color composite was found to be useful in emphasizing to the all materials of alluvial fans. Digital elevation models (DEM) were used for describing topographic features related to the alluvial fans.

Satellite thematic maps in geological field studies are an important tool for the delineation, interpretation, representation, and visualization of geological processes, while the development of seismic sections offers an increasingly detailed analysis of subsurface geology and inferring and understanding the subsurface structure of the earth. This combination promoted a fast-growing research in the fields of morphotectonics and neotectonics. The area under investigation is one of the most significant Iraqi places which includes several oil fields. The study area is located in northern Iraq and administratively follows Kirkuk governorate. Landscapes in this area are characterized by asymmetrical, cylindrical and extended folds. Kirkuk, Bai-Hasan and Qarachuq Anticlines reflect these structural elements and their fold axis trends towards northwest-southeast within the Zagros folded zone. The main objective of this study is to use the visual and digital interpretation of Landsat image to discriminate the sudden breaks and omissions of rock beds in the study area. Therefore, a morphotectonic map was created, the accurate location of the sudden breaks was provided and the zones affected by tectonic deformation, which left its imprint on the successive lithological units were detected. Seismic data were used to assess the tectonic impact on subsurface formations and their reflections on exposure rocks. The seismic lines were selected based on the locations of the identified sudden breaks as interpreted from satellite images. The hypothesis derived from this study is that the sudden breaks in the study area were triggered by a series of faults. In addition, the region was affected by the vertical stresses resulting from these faults and morphological aspects of the region were determined by the temporal variations of the above stresses.

Morphotectonic features were investigated in the Shireen anticline, which is located in the Kurdistan region of northern Iraq to get more insight into the effect of the tectonic activity on this anticline. For deducing and illustrating the morphotectonic features of the anticline, some digital processing methods have been applied to the part of the image of Landsat in which this anticline appears, and using the Digital Elevation Model. The results explained the identification of such morphotectonic features such as faults, joints, and flat irons topography, and then updated the structural style of the anticline by identifying and drawing the inferred morphotectonic features. The tectonic activity was evaluated in terms of applying longitudinal profiles analysis to some selected valleys in both limbs of the anticline. Consequently, the prominence of knick points in the bottoms of the selected valleys reflects the existence of sudden slopes. Therefore, the southwestern limb of the anticline was suffered more tectonic uplifting activity, and this is clear from the appearance of the triangular shapes in the central part of this limb towards the southeastern plunge of the anticline.