Background Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) have become a popular formulation option as nanocarriers for poorly water-soluble drugs. The objective of this study was to investigate the factor that can influence the design of successful lipid formulation classification system (LFCS) Type III SNEDDS formulation and improve the oral bioavailability (BA) of fenofibrate. Materials and methods LFCS Type III SNEDDS were designed using various oils, water-soluble surfactants, and/or cosolvents (in considering the polarity of the lipids) for the model anticholesterol drug, fenofibrate. The developed SNEDDS were assessed visually and by measurement of the droplet size. Equilibrium solubility of fenofibrate in the SNEDDS was conducted to find out the maximum drug loading. Dynamic dispersion studies were carried out (1/100 dilution) in water to investigate how much drug stays in solution after aqueous dispersion of the formulation. The BA of SNEDDS formulation was evaluated in the rat. Results The results from the characterization and solubility studies showed that formulations containing mixed glycerides were highly efficient SNEDDS as they had higher solubility of the drug and produced nanosized droplets. The dispersion studies confirmed that SNEDDS (containing polar mixed glycerides) can retain >98% drug in solution for >24 hours in aqueous media. The in vivo pharmacokinetics parameters of SNEDDS formulation in comparison with pure drug showed significant increase in C max and AUC 0– t , ~78% and 67%, respectively. The oral BA of fenofibrate from SNEDDS in rats was ~1.7-fold enhanced as compared with the BA from pure drug. Conclusion Fenofibrate-loaded LFCS Type III SNEDDS formulations could be a potential oral pharmaceutical product for administering the poorly water-soluble drug, fenofibrate, with an enhanced oral BA.

A simple, precise, selective and fast ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-UV) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of a lipid regulating agent fenofibrate and its metabolite fenofibric acid in rat plasma. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a reversed-phase Acquity® BEH C column using methanol-water (65:35, v/v) as the mobile phase. The isocratic flow was 0.3 ml/min with rapid run time of 2.5 min and UV detection was at 284 nm. The method was validated over a concentration range of 100-10000 ng/ml ( ⩾ 0.9993). The selectivity, specificity, recovery, accuracy and precision were validated for determination of fenofibrate/fenofibric acid in rat plasma. The lower limits of detection and quantitation of the method were 30 and 90 ng/ml for fenofibrate and 40 and 100 ng/ml for fenofibric acid, respectively. The within and between-day coefficients of variation were less than 5%. The validated method has been successfully applied to measure the plasma concentrations in pharmacokinetics study of fenofibrate in an animal model to illustrate the scope and application of the method.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge and attitude towards kidney donation, in the Western region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,233 participants. An online questionnaire was used to collect data about participants' demographics, chronic diseases, having a relative with kidney failure, and knowledge and attitude towards kidney donation. Results: Almost 50.9% participants were aware of difficulties associated with kidney donation, and 93.6% had heard about it. Around 93% of them said that social media is the best way to spread knowledge about kidney donation, but 58.2% of them did not know how common renal failure following kidney donation is for healthy donors. About 66.5% of people were willing to donate a kidney. The main justification for people who declined kidney donation was concern over not receiving the required medical care. Participants who were younger, female, working in the private sector, single, without chronic illnesses, and eager to take part in a lecture on "Kidney Donation" had high prior awareness rate of kidney donation. A high percentage of participants who had previously heard about donation had good attitude towards donation and awareness of kidney donation legislation and restrictions. Conclusion: Raising awareness about kidney donation should be done through medical personnel, hospital settings and a clear message on social and mass media should be regularized.

Background: Osteoporosis is a major public health problem worldwide.Osteoporosis prevention can be primary or secondary. This study assessed the level of perceptiveness about the preventable measures and complications of osteoporosis in KSA. Method: This was an observational cross-sectional study.Data was collected using an electronic, self-administered, structured questionnaire distributed in Saudi Arabia. SPSS 26 was used for data entry and data analysis. Results: The study included 2486 participants, 59.1% of whom were females and 45.3% were more than 30 years old. The vast majority (86.1%) knows what osteoporosis is and 83.1% think it is a serious condition. About 69% of participants reported women as a high-risk group and 92.2% said that osteoporosis increases the risk of fractures and 74.6% think osteoporosis can be prevented. About 54.1% take supplements containing calcium or vitamin D always or sometimes. Conclusion: The current study shows a moderate level of knowledge among the Saudi population about osteoporosis and its complications compared to other countries. And accordingly, it is essential to conduct explicit awareness programs on osteoporosis and its prevention programs.

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GER) differs from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which causes more severe symptoms and complications. The backflow of stomach acid initiates GER into the esophagus. Therefore, this study aims to identify the lifestyle factors related to gastroesophageal reflux. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1391 participants using a designed questionnaire (as a Google form), carried out among the targeted population through social media platforms until the target sample size was attained. After that, the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Science Software (SPSS). Results: The study included 1391 participants, 67.3% were females, and 32.7% were males. Almost half of the participants, 53.7% aged between 20-30 years old. About 43.1% of participants had healthy normal BMI, 26.9% were overweight, and 16.2% were obese. The remaining 11.4% were underweight, and only 2.4% were morbidly obese. 5.1% of participants feel heartburn more than three times a week, 8.4% feel it 2-3 times a week, and 9.6% feel it once a week. 3% of participants feel food regurgitation more than three times a week, 6.3% feel it 2-3 times a week, and 6.7% feel it once a week. Only 9% of participants had undergone GIT endoscopy before, and 4% did a PH monitoring. 19.5% of participants eat midnight snacks, 30.9% skip breakfast, 31.3% eat quickly, and 20.1% eat beyond fullness. Conclusion: Eating midnight snacks, skipping breakfast, eating quickly, eating beyond fullness, lying down soon after eating, and less than 3 hours between dinner and sleep were the most reported lifestyle elements associated with GERD symptoms.