This research aims to contribute to understanding what criminalization for boys of color looks like in urban elementary school settings and to offering insights into what we must do to disrupt criminalization in urban schools. Using multiple sources of data from four elementary schools across a 2-year period, we found that boys of color in the study were subjected to criminalization as part of their daily educational experiences. Their bodies and behaviors were hyper-policed, disparately punished, and routinely labeled with criminalizing terms. Furthermore, we found masternarratives framing boys of color as disrespectful and habitually truant to be ambiguous and empirically false.

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Extant research has extensively illuminated African American men's experiences with racism at historically White institutions. Their efforts to persist and graduate meant many of them learned to navigate and respond to racism on and off campus. Such learned behavior has necessitated adopting coping mechanisms to acculturate to the social, cultural, and academic environments within and surrounding institutions of higher education. Drawn from a larger study, this qualitative case study explored the experiences and the strategies used by two participants as they self-navigated the institution's support programs, affinity groups, and campus organizations to achieve personal and academic success. Academically persistent and successful African American men formed unique personal networks; sought out support; and received help from African American organizations, family members, faculty members, and staff members. This research advances a growing body of literature focusing on the success strategies of undergraduate African American men pursuing their educational goals at historically White institutions.

In addition to serving as an essential structural component, zinc is also involved in intracellular and intercellular signaling pathways to impact a number of cellular functions. Genetically encoded zinc sensors that are specifically targeted to various subcellular compartments (ER, mitochondria, nucleus, plasma membrane, and vesicles) have been proven to provide accurate and sensitive visualization and quantification of zinc. Here we describe the methods to utilize both ratiometric and intensiometric genetically encoded zinc sensors designed based on zinc fingers for imaging and quantification of cellular free, labile zinc concentrations, [Zn]. This chapter explains in detail how to quantify [Zn] in live cells as well as how to monitor zinc influx in INS-1 cells stimulated with high glucose.

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