In this work, natural convection in an adiabatic enclosure with openings induced by two isothermal hot cylinders is approached numerically. The study covers five different configurations of the enclosure as the number and locations of the inlet and outlet ports are varied for Rayleigh number (Ra) between 10 4 and 10 6. Additionally, the study also analyzes the effects of varying the horizontal distance (S) between the cylinders along with their vertical locations () for dimensionless values of 0.4 to 0.3 and-0.2 to 0.2, respectively, at a constant Ra of 10 6. The outcomes show that the locations of the openings have a significant influence on the amount of the heat being transferred. When both and S are kept unchanged, and at low Ra, where conduction is the main reason for heat transfer, configurations with two facing inlets illustrate low heat transfer up to Ra = 2.5x10 5 which is reversed as Ra increases. However, for changes in S at Ra = 10 6 , when the heat is mainly being dissipated by convection, these configurations are not only dissipating more heat rates but also show low sensitivity to increase in S. Low sensitivity for changes in has also been observed for the configuration with two facing outlets and one inlet. In overall, in all considered configurations, the average Nusselt number varies inversely with variation in . Similar change is observed for configurations that have one inlet as well with variation in S. The configuration with symmetrically distributed ports shows distinguished results in heat dissipation characteristics.
In the present work, an experimental investigation is conducted to address the influence of inner pipe twisting on the overall performance of a double pipe heat exchanger. With the fluid to fluid heat exchange, both parallel and counter flow directions are examined as well. In addition to the original elliptical pipe, three pipes with different numbers of twisting (3, 5, and 7 twists per unit length) constructed from the elliptical pipe are considered where the heat transfer rate and pressure drop are addressed. All tests are carried out in the turbulent flow regime where the Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 5000 to 26,000 and water is used as the working medium. The obtained outcomes show that for both flow directions, there is an enhancement in the heat exchanger overall performance with all considered twisting pipes. The maximum enhancement in the Nusselt number is found to be 1.8 for the parallel flow and around 2.2 for the counter flow compared with the original pipe. The inner pipe with 7 twists, however, improves the overall performance the most, where a maximum performance enhancement factor of 1.63 and 1.9 are observed at Reynolds number of 26,000 in the parallel and counter flow configurations, respectively.
Different fuels are being used daily in the city of Kirkuk, Iraq for operating vehicles with spark‐ignition internal combustion engines. Aiming to address the effects of these fuels on both engines and the environment, this work conducts an experimental study where a single‐cylinder, four‐stroke small spark ignition engine is employed. Three types of benzene with different octane ratings (low with an additive [85.8%], medium [89.2%], and high [95.6%]) are utilized in the study as they are the most consumed fuel in the area of the study. Moreover, the low‐octane fuel will be addressed with a commercial additive. In addition to engine performance, the exhaust gases and sound levels are analyzed as well. Through the outcomes, it is observed that the fuel with higher octane numbers relatively produces better engine performance and pollution. At normal engine speed, the fuel with a medium octane rating, however, has close engine performance results but with worse pollution effects. On the other hand, the engine fails to start with low‐octane fuel without the additive. The additive improves the engine performance with the low octane fuel and surprisingly produces fewer pollution gases than the fuel with medium octane number. However, the engine still behaves worse than with the other fuels at normal engine speed.
In this paper, path planning for cylindrical manipulator of 4-DOF is studied. Another view point is presented for using so called 'artificial potential fields' which is used as the base of searching for new and safe points in the manipulator's workspace among static obstacles. Three vectors are used for safe manipulator navigation. The first vector is determined between the end-effector and the goal points and it is used to attract the end-effector to the goal point. While the second and third vectors are computed from points defined on the obstacle and the end-effector. These two vectors are used to repel the end-effector and the arm from the boundaries of the obstacles. In this work, the obstacles are suggested to have a cylindrical shape with different sizes. Displacement detections between the manipulator (its end-effector and arm) and the obstacles are used as sensors for collisions impending. A random movement is suggested for joint two to avoid contacting between the arm and obstacles. At the off-line path mode, all path points are determined by the presented method and some of them are updated, if an arm collision is detected, then joint variables are calculated at each point. In real mode, these joint variables are fed to a simple real control system to make the manipulator tracks the found path. The method gives a safe path for undertaken manipulator. An experimental work is also presented.
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