Purpose This study aims to develop a valid and reliable Arabic version of the Compliance Questionnaire on Rheumatology (CQR-A) and to explore the impact of demographic factors on compliance. Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out at the outpatient clinics of rheumatology in King Fahad hospital (KFH) in Madinah, Saudi Arabia, from May 2019 to October 2019. Initially, the original version was culturally adapted to an Arabic version by forward translation, backward translation, committee review of both the Arabic and the original versions, and lastly, pre-testing. Then, seventy-two rheumatoid arthritis patients were recruited to evaluate the reliability and validity of the CQR-A. Reliability was assessed by the test–retest method with a two-week interval through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The criterion validity of the CQR-A was assessed through Pearson correlation of pharmacy refill and CQR-A. The content validity index (CVI) was used to determine content validity. Multiple regression analysis was done to evaluate the effect of demographic factors on compliance. Results The CQR-A has adequate reliability and validity. The ICC = 0.757 with a 95% CI ranging from 0.579 to 0.860, p < 0.001, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.788. Pearson correlation coefficient was found to be (r = 0.338, p = 0.013). The individual content validity index (I-CVI) ranged from 0.67 to 1.00, and the average scale content validity index (S-CVI/Ave) = 0.91. Education was the only significant predictor of compliance amongst the demographic factors with R2 of 0.158. Conclusion The Arabic version of the Compliance Questionnaire on Rheumatology (CQR-A) is a reliable and valid clinical tool to assess compliance in Arabic speaking patients.
Monkeypox is an evolving zoonotic disease which is caused by the monkeypox virus. In the recent times the number of cases across the globe has increased. The disease was previously endemic to Africa but is now spreading worldwide. More than 62,000 cases were reported across 104 countries. The illness typically has an incubation period of 7 to 14 days and symptoms such as fever, headache, fatigue, myalgia, generalized body aches, lymph node enlargement, and skin lesions are common. Monkeypox is similar to smallpox, but lymphadenopathy is the characteristic feature of monkeypox. Due to the numerous illnesses that can produce skin rashes, it may be challenging to distinguish monkeypox solely based on clinical presentation hence individuals suspected with monkeypox infection should be tested for the virus. Diagnostic tests are essential for determining the presence of an orthopoxvirus infection. When these tests are paired with clinical and epidemiological data, such as a patient's history of vaccinations, they are most effective. Surface lesions and/or skin materials like crusts and exudate swabs are good samples for diagnosis. Nucleic acid amplification testing, such as real-time or classical polymerase chain reactions, is used in the laboratory to confirm specimens from suspected cases. Clinical and epidemiological data should be taken into account when monkeypox infection is confirmed. Further research is needed to develop preventive strategies to minimize the spread of the disease. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about an epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of monkeypox.
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