Sulfonated graphene oxide paper was fabricated by vacuum filtration of a colloidal solution of sulfonated graphite oxide. Layer by layer assembly of graphene oxide nano sheets interconnects the conduction paths and therefore sulfonated graphene oxide exhibits good proton conductivity and fuel cell performance.
Core-substituted naphthalenediimides (NDIs) are not often used in functional materials despite excellent properties because the harsh conditions used for their synthesis are incompatible with structural diversity. Here, we report rapid access to blue, red, and yellow NDIs under mild conditions with tolerance toward the additional presence of pertinent functional groups.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the mainstay in the imaging evaluation of Mullerian agenesis, but is not routinely being utilized, particularly in India. Though sagittal MRI clearly demonstrates the absence or hypoplasia of the uterus and the axial images demonstrate the normal ovaries, it is the ability to identify and objectively evaluate other associated anomalies that makes MRI a unique diagnostic modality. It is also noninvasive and has multiplanar capabilities at the same time having a very high soft tissue resolution. We presume it can be used as a comprehensive imaging package for evaluating these patients at one sitting. We report a case of Mullarian agenesis presenting as primary amenorrhea stressing the role and benefits of MRI.
Ultra low-power devices are being developed for embedded applications in bio-medical electronics, wireless sensor networks, environment monitoring and protection, etc. The testing of these low-cost, low-power devices is a daunting task. Depending on the target application, there are stringent guidelines on the number of defective parts per million shipped devices. At the same time, since such devices are cost-sensitive, test cost is a major consideration. Since system-level power-management techniques are employed in these devices, test generation must be powermanagement-aware to avoid stressing the power distribution infrastructure in the test mode. Structural test techniques such as scan test, with or without compression, can result in excessive heat dissipation during testing and damage the package. False failures may result due to the electrical and thermal stressing of the device in the test mode of operation, leading to yield loss. This paper considers different aspects of testing low-power devices and some new techniques to address these problems.
Background: Inguinal and scrotal swellings are frequently encountered in the surgical practice, especially in children. It is also important to study the factors which are associated with inguinal hernia, especially in children, for its effective management.Objective: To study the factors which are associated with inguinal hernia in children. Setting and Design:A prospective hospital based study was undertaken in the Department of Surgery for a period of one year between 2001 to 2002. Children who were aged one day to 12 years were selected for the study. Out of 960 children who were admitted to the surgical ward, 50 children had inguinal hernia and they constituted the sample. Methodology:The details regarding the clinical history and the examination details were collected by using a predesigned proforma. The data which was thus collected was analyzed by using the appropriate statistical tests. Results:The inguinal hernia in the study group was common in the 1-5 years age group. 90% of the study group was males; a swelling in the inguinal region was the commonest symptom. 70% of the study group was term deliveries; the swelling of the inguinal hernia was elastic in consistency in 35 cases. The swelling of the inguinal hernia was irreducible in two cases. The testis was palpable in 48 cases; a cough impulse was seen and felt in 48 cases. Tenderness of the swelling was present in 2 cases. Conclusions:Inguinal hernia is a common congenital condition in children. Difficulties are commonly encountered by the surgeons to identify and to confirm the presence of inguinal hernia. This study will help in a better management of hernia in the paediatric age group by understanding the features of inguinal hernia.V. RaViKumaR, RajshanKaR s, haReesh R. s. KumaR, nagendRa goWda m.R InTRODuCTIOnInguinal and scrotal swellings in children are frequently encountered in the surgical practice. Most of these swellings are congenital and they have an asymptomatic presentation. They are related to the descent of the testes and the processus vaginalis [1]. To date, the mechanism of the testicular descent is speculative, with various hypotheses being put forth, the most recent one being that of "WATER-TRAP" which was made by Heyns and Deklerk. The abnormalities in the descent result in ectopic or undescended testes. The undescended testis which is found in more than 90% of the cases, is associated with congenital inguinal hernias [2].Congenital inguinal hernias are common in infants and children, for which surgery constitutes the most frequent method of treatment in the paediatric age-group. The difficulties which are encountered in paediatric inguinal hernia are operative difficulties which are connected with a thin transparent sac, which is the association with the undescended testis and the different opinions on the timing of the operation when the two conditions co-exist. The swelling in the inguinal region is described by the parent but the surgeon is unable to confirm its presence. Once the diagnosis is definite, the rule i...
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