Introduction: Diabetes adversely affects sexual health with its negative consequences on well-being in both males and females. Literature is scanty regarding female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in diabetic women, furthermore reported literature is lacking regarding the differential impact on different domains of sexual health, especially in Indian females. In the present analysis, we aim to study the prevalence of sexual dysfunctions in diabetic women as well as different domains affected by diabetes. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at a tertiary care teaching centre in North India over a duration of 6 months (January 2021 to June 2021). A total of 100 married females were enrolled including 50 diabetics and 50 healthy non-diabetic females. All the participants were subjected to a validated female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire for sexual function assessment. Results: FSD was seen in 35 diabetic females (70%) with desire being the most affected domain (92%) in comparison to 15 healthy subjects (30%) with an overall mean FSFI of 23.5 in diabetics and 29.2 in the control group. Mean FSFI in diabetic females with sexual dysfunction was 21.04 ± 9. All domains of FSFI were affected significantly ( P value < 0.05) in the diabetic group in comparison to the control group except for the satisfaction domain. There was no significant association of different domains of FSFI seen with the duration of diabetes and other comorbidities. A significant association of arousal and pain domain was seen with the glycaemic (HbA1C) index ( P value-0.006 and 0.031, respectively). Conclusion: Females with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a higher prevalence of sexual dysfunction affecting all domains. Glycosylated haemoglobin is associated independently with arousal and pain domains of FSFI as well as desire being the most affected domain, although further randomized studies with larger sample sizes are needed to authenticate our findings. To improve the quality of life of diabetic females, clinicians should focus on this aspect also while treating diabetes.
Background:Currently, in developing countries like India, there is a paradigm shift in the mortality patterns of elderly from communicable to noncommunicable diseases.Objective:This study is aimed at providing an insight on mortality patterns of elderly patients within a 2-year period in a tertiary hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, India.Materials and Methods:This study is a retrospective review of mortality patterns of elderly patients from March 2016 to March 2018 occurring in the Department of General Medicine, in AIIMS, Rishikesh, India. Information derived from the Medical Records Department of AIIMS Rishikesh include age, sex, clinical history, diagnosis, duration, and cause of death.Results:During this period, a total of 1101 elderly (≥60 years) admissions were done in the Department of General Medicine, AIIMS Rishikesh. A total of 66 patients had expired during their hospital stay. Among this, 35 and 31 cases were elderly male and female patients, respectively, and therefore the ratio of male to female was 1.1:1.0. The peak age group was 60–64 years accounting for 23 patients (34.8%). The age range of patients was 60–94 years, while the modal and mean ages were 65 and 69 years, respectively, with 8.1 standard deviation. The most commonly encountered cause of mortality was cerebrovascular accident constituting 19 (28.8%) cases. The second majority of mortality cases were hypertensive disorders constituting 13 (19.7%) cases, and the third majority were septicemia and pneumonia accounting for 12 (18.2%) and 12 (18.2%) cases, respectively. Others include diabetes mellitus [metabolic disorder; 10 (15.2%) cases], acute renal failure [10 (15.2%) cases], ischemic heart disease or coronary artery disease [6 (9.1%) cases], while malignancies, tuberculosis, hepatitis, chronic liver disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease consisted of five cases (7.6%) each.Conclusion:Noncommunicable diseases particularly cerebrovascular diseases and hypertensive disorders were the most commonly encountered cause of elderly mortality in this region of North India, that is, the state of Uttarakhand. Notwithstanding a large percentage of mortality patterns also results from communicable diseases with septicemia and pneumonia as the third leading cause of mortality.
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