Primary urethral calculus is rarely seen and is usually encountered in men with urethral stricture or diverticulum. We present a case of giant urethral calculus secondary to a urethral stricture in a man. The patient was treated with calculus extraction with end to end urethroplasty.
A detailed understanding of the factors governing nanomaterial biodistribution is needed to rationally design safe nanomedicines. This research details the pharmacokinetics of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) biodistribution after arterial infusion of 40 or 80 nm AuNP (1 μg/ml) into the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF). AuNP had surface coatings consisting of neutral polyethylene glycol (PEG), anionic lipoic acid (LA), or cationic branched polyethylenimine (BPEI). Effect of a porcine plasma corona (PPC) on 40 nm BPEI and PEG-AuNP were assessed in the IPPSF. Au concentrations were determined by ICP/MS and arterial to venous concentration-time profiles were analyzed over 8 hr (4 hr infusion, 4 hr washout) using a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. IPPSF viability and vascular function were assessed by change in glucose utilization, vascular resistance, or weight gain after perfusion. All AuNP demonstrated some degree of AuNP arterial extraction and skin flap retention, as well as enhanced kinetic parameters of tissue uptake; with BPEI-AuNP consistently having the greatest biodistribution even with a PPC. Toxicological effects were not detected. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed intracellular uptake of AuNP. These studies paralleled previous in vitro cell culture studies using the same AuNP in human endothelial and renal proximal tubule cells, hepatocytes, keratinocytes, showing BPEI-AuNP having the greatest uptake, although the presence of a PPC did not reduce IPPSF biodistribution as in the cell culture studies. These findings clearly indicate arterial to the venous extraction of AuNP after infusion with the magnitude of extraction being greatest with the BPEI surface coating and provide data and model structure necessary to construct the whole body physiologically based pharmacokinetic models capable of utilizing available in vitro data.
Non-meningothelial mesenchymal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), including those originating from the meninges, histologically correspond to tumors of soft tissue or bone. These individual entities arising from the meninges are rare, and probably have their origin in the multipotent primitive mesenchymal stem cells of the dura. Though it is a common bone tumor, the meningeal origin of osteochondroma has only very rarely been reported. We describe a case of a 35-year-old female with a well-demarcated, golf-ball-like osteochondroma of meningeal origin which was enucleated en bloc on craniotomy. Such a lesion can resemble a meningioma that exhibits metaplastic (osseous) change on imaging. However, provided that there is clinico-radiological awareness of such tumors, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can guide the way to this rare differential diagnosis, as it reflects the pathologic appearance of osteochondroma and allows the thickness of the cartilage cap to be estimated in order to check for rare malignant change. Complete excision along with the cartilage cap usually offers a favorable prognosis without recurrence.
of meningismus in the patient. Investigations revealed normal peripheral blood picture and total white blood cells count was normal, with 77% neutrophils. She was non-diabetic and her viral markers for human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) were negative. Hormonal evaluation was normal except serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, which was slightly raised and serum cortisol, which was low. Thyroxine at 50 µg/day and prednisolone at 15 mg/day in divided doses were started before surgery.Plain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done before being referred to our hospital. It showed a well-defined sellar mass with supra-sellar extension and compressing the chiasma. It was hypointense to gray matter in the center with a peripheral isointense rim on T1 weighted scans and on T2 weighted image central hyperintensity with peripheral isointense rim was noted [ Figures 1 and 2]. A provisional radiological diagnosis of pituitary adenoma with apoplexy was considered. In view of recent onset, rapid deterioration in vision, patient was operated through a trans-nasal trans-sphenoidal approach. Intra operatively, the sphenoid sinus wall was normal, sellar floor was globular with moderate bulge and normal thickness of the bone. There was no evidence of sinusitis and the dura appeared normal. On opening the dura, normal pituitary was encountered, which was slit vertically. To our surprise about 15 ml of yellowish non-foul smelling pus was drained [ Figure 3]. Cavity was entered and a biopsy from the wall of the cavity was taken. Since, the yield of the biopsy was minimal each time; repeated aggressive attempts were made, which led to arachnoid INTRODUCTIONThe normal pituitary gland may enlarge 50-70% during pregnancy. [1] This predominantly occurs because of estrogen stimulated hyperplasia of prolactin producing lactotropes. [2] Pregnancy may also promote growth of a pre-existing pituitary adenoma. [3] However, a pituitary abscess in a pregnant patient is very rare. There has only been one such case reported in the literature. We report pituitary abscess in a 35-year old pregnant woman, which was drained through a trans-sphenoidal route and discuss the unique challenges we faced in the diagnosis and management. CASE REPORTA lady aged 35 years, who was 28 weeks primigravida, presented with recent onset progressive visual loss. Until now, she had an uncomplicated pregnancy with unremarkable medical history. No features of sinusitis, sepsis or endocrinopathy were present. On examination, her visual acuity was normal in the right eye and 2/60 in the left eye. Perimetry revealed bi-temporal hemianopia. Fundus examination was normal. There were no signs A b s T R A C TPituitary abscess is a rare disorder and only one case of pituitary abscess in pregnancy has been reported in the literature. Since, its presenting manifestations are non-specific; the diagnosis is usually made per-operatively. A 35-year-old pregnant lady, with a sellar mass was managed successfully with trans-sphenoidal drainage of the abscess and antibiotic therapy. We disc...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.