The main issue in WSN is energy limited characteristic of the sensor node. So the problem is to have the routing protocol in such the manner that it should be energy efficient in order to increase the life time of the whole WSN. Hierarchical routing architecture divides the whole network in to a group of cluster and only cluster head is responsible to forwarding the data to base station directly or via other cluster heads. In location based architecture of routing, localization of the sensor node is to compute the path to the sensed data. During the creation of network topology, the process of setting up routes in WSNs is usually influenced by energy considerations, because the power consumption of a wireless link is proportional to square or even higher order of the distance between the sender and the receiver. Hierarchical routing can be centralized or non-centralized. In non-centralized hierarchical routing, the sensor nodes self-configures for the cluster head on the basis of selecting number. They don't consider the case of residual energy. But in centralized routing the base station is responsible to create cluster. In hierarchical routing architecture, sensor nodes self-configure themselves for the formation of cluster heads. In this paper, we have studied different types of hierarchical routing protocols for wireless sensor networks.
Advancements in recent wireless technology, integrated circuit, electronic devices and autonomous sensing of physiological parameters, gave the birth of human monitoring system or short range wireless communication network, called Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). It is one of the major applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), used in medical and as well as non-medical field. In WBAN, various tiny, intelligent, low powered and invasive/non-invasive sensor nodes are placed inside or outside the human body to collect the data. These sensor nodes are referred to as independent device with limited communication capabilities. Deployed sensor nodes are intended to early detection of various types of life threatening diseases viz. cancer, asthma etc., using different types of biomedical sensor nodes like ECG (Electrocardiogram), EEG (Electroencephalogram), pulse rate, temperature, blood pressure etc.
Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is an emerging technique for various underwater applications such as marine climate observation, pollution tracking, disaster prevention, underwater surveillance etc. And, each of these applications require Sensor Nodes (SNs) to effectively provide accurate sensed data. A node must know its own location before sending data to its neighbour. The need for location arises because the number of nodes is very large and it is not possible for the base station to find the nodes' positions, so the individual node is required to send location information along with the observed data to provide exact location to the user, which means the node must localize itself. However, due to the complex environment, it is very challenging to transmit the collected data to the base station on the surface quickly and effectively. An energy efficient routing protocol plays a vital role in data transmission. However, due to the speci characteristics of UWSNs, such as dynamic structure, narrow bandwidth, rapid energy consumption, and high latency, it is difficult to build routing protocols for UWSNs. In this article, we focus on surveying Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is an emerging technique for various underwater applications such as marine climate observation, pollution tracking, disaster prevention, underwater h of these applications require Sensor Nodes (SNs) to effectively provide accurate sensed data. A node must know its own location before sending data to its neighbour. The need for location arises because the number of nodes sible for the base station find the nodes' positions, so the individual node is required to send location information along with the observed data to provide exact location to the user, which means the node must localize itself. However, ex environment, it is very challenging to transmit the collected data to the base station on the surface quickly and effectively. An ficient routing protocol plays a vital role in data transmission. However, due to the specific SNs, such as dynamic structure, narrow bandwidth, rapid energy consumption, and ficult to build routing protocols for UWSNs. In this article, we focus on surveying architecture, challenges, opportunities as well as various applications in UWSN.
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