The aim of this study was to analyze the performance of medallists' taekwondo athletes in University level Championship. Kicking actions were grouped into three categories; circular, linear and with a previous spin kicks. Performance was evaluated based on 1) the type and height of the kicks employed, 2) the attacking and counterattacking nature of the kicking actions and 3) the scoring profiles of these. Forty-five matches from the four Olympic weight categories were notationally analyzed in male and female populations. Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed that the reading scores in the four weight categories differed significantly in males for linear kicks, and in circular kicks to the chest, attacking kicks and total actions (p < 0.05) for females. A greater number of circular kicks was recorded in male and female taekwondo athletes; this was followed by linear kicks and those with a previous spin. Kicks to the chest were also more common than kicks to the head as well as attacking kicks were used more frequently than counterattacking kicks. Given the new competition rules, coaches are encouraged to induce athletes to increase the frequency of kicks to the head and with a previous spin to maximise the point scoring rate per kicks delivered.
. ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL ResumenObjetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento técnico-táctico, en función del sexo y la categoría de peso, de los competidores del Campeonato de España Universitario de Taekwondo de 2011. Método: Se analizaron un total de 45 combates de las rondas finales y semifinales del campeonato, con una muestra compuesta por 30 hombres y 31 mujeres. Las variables analizadas fueron: puntuación obtenida, acciones totales, tipo de acción táctica, zona de golpeo, tipo de técnica y pierna de golpeo. Resultados/Conclusiones: La prueba U de Mann Whitney mostró diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en el número total de acciones, técnicas circulares y penalizaciones. Asimismo, los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre sexos en la frecuencia de realización acciones circulares en la categoría de peso mosca y pesado, acciones lineales de la categoría gallo y puntuación total de la categoría de peso ligero. En la categoría de peso medio se hallaron diferencias significativas en las acciones totales, acciones de ataque, acciones al tronco, técnicas realizadas con la pierna derecha y en técnicas circulares. El comportamiento técnico-táctico de los taekwondistas es diferente tanto en función del sexo como en función del sexo y la categoría de peso, siendo las mujeres las que realizan más acciones circulares, al tronco, con la pierna derecha y totales que los hombres, mientras que estos reciben más penalizaciones que las mujeres.Palabras clave: Taekwondo, artes marciales, deportes de combate, análisis notacional, sexo, categoría de peso. Technicaltactical differences among university level taekwondo competitors by gender and weight division AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical-tactical behavior of the competitors competing in the 2011 University Taekwondo Championship of Spain. Method: The sample consisted of 30 men and 31 women participating in 45 championship finals and semifinals combats. The variables analyzed were: the score, total number of actions, the type of tactical action, the height, the type of technic and kicking leg. Results/Conclusions: The Mann Whitney U test showed significant differences between men and women in total actions, circular techniques and warnings. The results also showed significant gender differences in circular actions in the flyweight and heavyweight categories, in the linear actions in bantamweight and total score in the lightweight category. Significant differences in total actions, attacking actions, actions to the trunk, Diferenças técnicotácticas em praticantes de taekwondo universitários, segundo o sexo e a categoria de competição ResumoObjectivo: O presente estudo teve como objectivo avaliar o comportamento técnico-táctico dos competidores de taekwondo do Campeonato de Espanha Universitário de 2011, em função do género e da categoria de peso. Método: Analisou-se um total de 45 combates nas provas finais e semifinais do campeonato, com uma amostra constituída por 30 homens e 31 mulheres. A...
When characterising typical human movement profiles, the optimal number of trials analysed for each participant should ensure a stable mean. Sequential analysis is one method able to establish the number of trials to stability by assessing a moving point mean against a set bandwidth. As the total trial number determining this bandwidth is selected arbitrarily, the effect of applying different total trial numbers on the results of sequential analysis was investigated. Twenty participants performed 30 trials of overarm throwing, and sequential analyses were applied to three dimensional (3-D) kinematic data over 10, 20 and 30 trial numbers. We found a total of 20 to be the preferred trial number for sequential analyses. Erroneous results were produced consistently by 10 trial number groups, while moving point means were statistically unchanged after the 10th trial. Subsequently, sequential analyses were applied to 20 trials to establish trials to stability in discrete and time series elements of the 3-D kinematic data. The results suggest that a trial size between 13 and 17 provides stable means for overarm throwing kinematics.
The purpose of this study was to explore movement variability of throwing arm and ball release parameters during the water polo shot and to compare variability between successful (hit) and unsuccessful (miss) outcomes. Seven injury free, subelite, females completed 10 trials of the 5 m water polo penalty shot. Intraindividual coefficient of variation percentage (CV%) values were calculated for elbow and wrist angular displacement, wrist linear velocity and ball release parameters (height, angle and velocity). Coordination variability (elbow/wrist angular displacement) was calculated as the CV% of the mean cross-correlation coefficient. Elbow and wrist displacement variability decreased to 80% of throwing time then increased toward release. Wrist linear velocity variability reduced toward release. Individual CV% values ranged between 1.6% and 23.5% (all trials), 0.4% and 20.6% (hit), and 0.4% and 27.1% (miss). Ball release height and velocity variability were low (< 12%; all trials) whereas release angle variability was high (>27%; all trials). Cross-correlation results were inconclusive. Roles of the elbow and wrist in production of stable ball release height and velocity and control of the highly variable release angle in the water polo shot are discussed and suggested for further study. Optimal levels of variability warrant future investigation.
Entropy is an effective tool for investigation of human movement variability. However, before applying entropy, it can be beneficial to employ analyses to confirm that observed data are not solely the result of stochastic processes. This can be achieved by contrasting observed data with that produced using surrogate methods. Unlike continuous movement, no appropriate method has been applied to discrete human movement. This article proposes a novel surrogate method for discrete movement data, outlining the processes for determining its critical values. The proposed technique reliably generated surrogates for discrete joint angle time series, destroying fine-scale dynamics of the observed signal, while maintaining macro structural characteristics. Comparison of entropy estimates indicated observed signals had greater regularity than surrogates and were not only the result of stochastic but also deterministic processes. The proposed surrogate method is both a valid and reliable technique to investigate determinism in other discrete human movement time series.
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