Pediatric myopia has become a major international public health concern. The prevalence of myopia has undergone a significant increase worldwide. The purpose of this review of the current literature was to evaluate the peer-reviewed scientific literature on the efficacy and safety of low-dose atropine treatment combined with overnight orthokeratology for myopia control. A search was conducted in Pubmed and Web of Science with the following search strategy: (atropine OR low-dose atropine OR 0.01% atropine) AND (orthokeratology OR ortho-k) AND (myopia control OR myopia progression). All included studies improved myopia control by the synergistic effect of orthokeratology with low-dose atropine, compared with orthokeratology treatment alone. All studies included a short or medium follow-up period; therefore longer-term studies are necessary to validate these results.

We describe the role of OSA as a new instrument in the study of dry eye, and we recommend a protocol for conducting the tests as well as describe the advantages and disadvantages compared with other instruments. A comparison with other ocular surface devices (Tearscope Plus, Keratograph 5M, anterior-segment ocular coherence tomography, Easy Tear View-Plus, LipiView, IDRA, and LacryDiag) were presented due to manual or automatic procedure and objective or subjective measurements. The purpose of this study was to describe the OSA as new non-invasive dry eye disease diagnostic device. The OSA is a device that can provide accurate, non-invasive and easy-to-use parameters to specifically interpret distinct functions of the tear film. This OSA protocol proposed a lesser to higher non-invasive ocular surface dry eye disease tear film diagnostic methodology. A complete and exhaustive OSA and OSA Plus examination protocol was presented within the subjective questionnaire (Dry Eye Questionnaire 5, DEQ5), limbal and bulbar redness classification (within the Efron grade Scale, interferometry lipid layer thickness (LLT) (according to Guillon pattern), tear meniscus height (manually or automatic), first and mean non-invasive break up time (objective and automatic) and meibomian gland (MG) dysfunction grade and percentage (objective and automatic). The OSA and OSA Plus devices are novel and relevant dry eye disease diagnostic tools; however, the automatization and objectivity of the measurements can be increased in future software or device updates. The new non-invasive devices supposed represent a renewal in the dry eye disease diagnosis and introduce a tendency to replace the classic invasive techniques that supposed less reliability and reproducibility.

To assess computer vision syndrome (CVS) in a preteen population through an adult-validated CVS questionnaire and to evaluate how digital devices affect accommodative and binocular vision, we enrolled 309 preteens in this cross-sectional study. An adult-validated CVS questionnaire adapted to preteens was used for all subjects. Visual acuity testing, unilateral and alternate cover tests, and tests for accommodative and vergence responses were performed for all preteens. The mean age was 10.75 ± 0.67 (10-12) years. Subjects were divided into two groups: the mild CVS group with a mean CVS score ≤2 and the severe CVS group with a mean CVS score >2. Between the mild and severe CVS groups, statistically significant differences were found in near point of convergence break and recovery (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively) and distance negative fusional vergence break and recovery (P = 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively). More children with severe CVS developed vergence disorders than those with mild CVS. Optometric clinical screening assessments could reduce ocular symptomatology and prevent long-term effects. However, poor optometric findings might have occurred first, and the poor convergence skills resulted in the symptoms reported while using devices.

To evaluate pre-lens tear film volume, stability and lipid interferometry patterns with a silicone hydrogel water content contact lens, a novel, noninvasive, ocular-surface-analyzer technology was used. A prospective, longitudinal, single-center, self-control study was performed in daily or monthly replacement silicone hydrogel contact lens wearers. A tear film analysis was achieved with the Integrated Clinical Platform (ICP) Ocular Surface Analyzer (OSA) from SBM System. The subjects were reassessed, with the contact lens, after 30 min of wearing to quantify the volume, stability and lipid pattern of the short-term pre-lens tear film. Lipid layer thickness decreased from 2.05 ± 1.53 to 1.90 ± 1.73 Guillon patterns (p = 0.23). First pre-lens NIBUT decreased from 5.03 ± 1.04 to 4.63 ± 0.89 s (p = 0.01). Mean pre-lens NIBUT significantly increased from 15.19 ± 9.54 to 21.27 ± 11.97 s (p < 0.01). Lid opening time significantly increased from 26.36 ± 19.72 to 38.58 ± 21.78 s (p < 0.01). The silicone hydrogel contact lens with water gradient technology significantly increased the mean pre-lens NIBUT and lid opening time. Lehfilcon A suggested an improvement in contact lens wearers with tear film instability or decreased subjective symptoms of dry eye disease.

This study aimed to evaluate the non-invasive and subjective symptoms associated with Lehfilcon A water gradient silicone hydrogel contact lenses with bacterial and lipid resistance technology. A prospective, longitudinal, single-centre, self-controlled study was conducted among silicone hydrogel contact lens wearers. Non-invasive analysis of the pre-lens tear film was performed using the Integrated Clinical Platform (ICP) Ocular Surface Analyzer (OSA), and the meibomian glands were evaluated with the Cobra® HD infrared meibographer. After 30 days of contact lens wear, the subjects were re-evaluated to determine the changes in conjunctival redness, subjective dry eye disease, tear meniscus height, lipid pattern, and non-invasive break-up time. Results showed that the lipid layer thickness decreased significantly from 2.05 ± 1.53 to 0.92 ± 1.09 Guillon patterns, and the tear meniscus height decreased from 0.21 ± 0.04 to 0.14 ± 0.03. The mean pre-lens non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT) significantly increased from 15.19 ± 9.54 to 25.31 ± 15.81 s. The standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Disease (SPEED) score also decreased from 7.39 ± 4.39 to 5.53 ± 4.83. The results suggest that Lehfilcon A significantly reduced lipid and aqueous tear film volume but improved break-up time and subjective dry eye symptoms.