Summary Plants continue to lose water from their leaves even after complete stomatal closure. Although this minimum conductance (gleaf‐res) has substantial impacts on strategies of water use and conservation, little is known about the potential drivers underlying the variability of this trait across species. We thus untangled the relative contribution of water leaks from the cuticle and stomata in order to investigate how the variability in leaf morphological and anatomical traits is related to the variation in gleaf‐res and carbon assimilation capacity across 30 diverse species from the Brazilian Cerrado. In addition to cuticle permeance, water leaks from stomata had a significant impact on gleaf‐res. The differential pattern of stomata distribution in the epidermis was a key factor driving this variation, suggesting the existence of a trade‐off between carbon assimilation and water loss through gleaf‐res. For instance, higher gleaf‐res, observed in fast‐growing species, was associated with the investment in small and numerous stomata, which allowed higher carbon assimilation rates but also increased water leaks, with negative impacts on leaf survival under drought. Variation in cuticle structural properties was not linked to gleaf‐res. Our results therefore suggest the existence of a trade‐off between carbon assimilation efficiency and dehydration tolerance at foliar level.

Anthropogenic activities such as uncontrolled deforestation and increasing greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for triggering a series of environmental imbalances that affect the Earth's complex climate dynamics. As a consequence of these changes, several climate models forecast an intensification of extreme weather events over the upcoming decades, including heat waves and increasingly severe drought and flood episodes. The occurrence of such extreme weather will prompt profound changes in several plant communities, resulting in massive forest dieback events that can trigger a massive loss of biodiversity in several biomes worldwide. Despite the gravity of the situation, our knowledge regarding how extreme weather events can undermine the performance, survival, and distribution of forest species remains very fragmented. Therefore, the present review aimed to provide a broad and integrated perspective of the main biochemical, physiological, and morpho‐anatomical disorders that may compromise the performance and survival of forest species exposed to climate change factors, particularly drought, flooding, and global warming. In addition, we also discuss the controversial effects of high CO2 concentrations in enhancing plant growth and reducing the deleterious effects of some extreme climatic events. We conclude with a discussion about the possible effects that the factors associated with the climate change might have on species distribution and forest composition.

Bark is a structure involved in multiple physiological functions, but which has been traditionally associated with protection against fire. Thus, little is known about how the morpho-anatomical variations of this structure are related to different ecological pressures, especially in tropical savanna species, which are commonly subjected to frequent fire and drought events. Here we evaluated how the structural and functional variations of bark are related to the processes of resilience and resistance to fire, as well as transport and storage of water in 31 native species from the Brazilian Cerrado. Because of their thick bark, none of the trees analyzed were top-killed after a severe fire event. The structural and functional variations of the bark were also associated with water storage and transport, functions related to properties of the inner bark. In fact, species with a thicker and less dense inner bark were the ones that had the highest water contents in the wood, bark, and leaves. Lower bark density was also related to higher stem hydraulic conductivity, carbon assimilation, and growth. Overall, we provide strong evidence that in addition to protection from fire, the relative investment in bark also reflects different strategies of water use and conservation among many Cerrado tree species.

The remarkable phytogeographic characteristics of the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) resulted in a vegetation domain composed of plants with high structural and functional diversity to tolerate climate extremes. Here we used a key Cerrado species (Dipteryx alata) to evaluate if species of this domain present a mechanism of stress memory, responding more quickly and efficiently when exposed to recurrent drought episodes. The exposure of D. alata seedlings to drought resulted in several changes, mainly in physiological and biochemical traits, and these changes differed substantially when the water deficit was imposed as an isolated event or when the plants were subjected to drought cycles, suggesting the existence of a drought memory mechanism. Plants submitted to recurrent drought events were able to maintain essential processes for plant survival when compared to those submitted to drought for the first time. This differential acclimation to drought was the result of orchestrated changes in several metabolic pathways, involving differential carbon allocation for defense responses and the reprogramming and coordination of primary, secondary and antioxidant metabolism. The stress memory in D. alata is probably linked the evolutionary history of the species and reflects the environment in which it evolved.

1. Even after complete stomatal closure, plants lose water through the leaf cuticles and bark. This residual water conductance of leaves (g leaf-res ) and stems (g bark ) can negatively impact plant water balance and affect plant survival in seasonally dry environments. However, little is known about the costs and benefits associated with such water leaks, especially on stem level.2. Here, we characterized the structural and functional determinants of the variability in g bark across tropical savanna species to elucidate how variations in this trait are related to contrasting growth strategies.3. The high variability in g bark across species was associated with morphoantomical properties of the outer bark (thickness, density and lenticel investment), and such characteristics influenced both stem transpiration and respiration, suggesting the existence of a trade-off between water conservation and oxygen permeability, which reflected contrasting growth and dehydration tolerance strategies. For instance, species with higher g bark and g leaf-res presented a fast resource acquisition strategy but were more prone to drought-induced mortality by hydraulic failure. However, model simulations revealed that the relative contribution of g leaf-res and g bark to overall water balance depended on whether leaves were less or more resistant to cavitation than the stems. 4. Synthesis. By combining correlative studies, experimental results and a modelling exercise, we provide a new understanding of the costs and benefits associated with the variability in g bark across tropical savanna species and a new perspective for studies of water relations and carbon economics in species from a hyperdiverse savanna.

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Qualea grandiflora é uma espécie típica da fisionomia cerradão, de importância ecológica, florística e medicinal. No entanto, são pouco os estudos no que se refere a sua fenologia. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se verificar a sazonalidade e influência das variáveis climáticas nos eventos reprodutivos de Qualea grandiflora em cerradão. Marcaram-se 15 indivíduos que foram visitados mensalmente entre julho de 2016 e junho de 2018 para registrar os eventos: botões florais, antese, frutos imaturos e maduros. A intensidade de Fournier e sincronia foram correlacionadas com a precipitação, temperatura máxima, média e mínima através da correlação de Spearman, e a sazonalidade por meio da estatística circular. A espécie produziu botões e flores durante a estação chuvosa, o que resultou em correlação positiva com a precipitação. A formação de frutos ocorreu tanto na época chuvosa quanto na seca, já a maturação dos frutos ocorreu na estação seca. O evento de frutos imaturos foi o único não sazonal devido a sua duração. Os eventos reprodutivos de Qualea grandiflora se correlacionaram com a temperatura e a precipitação, de modo que a espécie utiliza essa influência para potencializar suas chances de reprodução.