No abstract
The global pandemic impacted Asian migrant workers disproportionately. During the first COVID-19 nationwide lockdown, Nepali migrant workers faced many challenges due to widespread misconceptions of them being vectors of COVID-19. This research examines COVID-19 impacts on international and internal Nepali migrant workers. A national survey on the social, economic, and psychological challenges of returning Nepali migrant workers was administered online from 10 May to 20 July 2020. A total of 672 responses were received. Using a binary logistic regression model, the research finds that the domestic migrant workers were less likely to get economic support, expect to borrow money during COVID-19, experience negative changes in their personal lives, and expect the COVID-19 contraction. In contrast, international migrant workers were less likely to return to their pre-pandemic employment. The research exposed long-standing vulnerabilities of migrant workers and identified immediate actions from Nepalese Central, Provincial, and Local governments to address their needs.
Nepali's migration for foreign employment began with the Gurkha's recruitment in the British Army in the dawn of the nineteenth century. Since then, they have been sending remittances to the country as recruitment has been an aspect of bilateral relations between the two countries. After 1947, when India was liberated from the British colonial rule, the Gurkha's recruitment diversified to other countries including India and Singapore. This process is continued and tends to be so for some near future. Thus, the country is receiving a sustainable source of remittances from Gorkha working in different foreign armies. This fact is often ignored in the studies of remittances and their applications in Nepal. This article analyzes Gurkha's recruitment pattern in different national armies, the remittances they send, and the application and development function of the remittances. This article concludes that Gurkha's collective recruitment in the foreign armies involved social and financial forms of remittances. The social remittances significantly contributed to social modernization in the isolated villages, while the financial remittances spurred entrepreneurship development thereby contributing to regional development.
The Covid-19 pandemic posed serious threats to the national and international communities. Worldwide responses to combat its effects seemed weak and controversial. It led individual countries to exercise responses that varied depending upon their tradition, institutions, and leadership. What worked? And what did not? And why is still not comprehended. In this background, this study examines correlation between market economy frameworks such as liberal market economies (LMEs), coordinated market economies (CMEs), state-led market economies (SMEs)and Covid-19 caused deaths. More so, the death cases have been analyzed and interpreted based on published data from worldometer.com as well as national and institutional sources of 23 countries representing three distinct market economy frameworks. The data is juxtaposed with the acts of right-wing populism that determined decision making and institutional mobilization against Covid-19. The approach is dichotomized with a country's human development index and income inequality index (Gini Index). This study found that a country’s market economy framework has had a correlation with the Covid-19 caused deaths The impact, however, was associated with the acts of right-wing populism within different market economies. The 5 selected countries with LMEs have highest; another 5 selected countries with CMEs have higher and 13 selected countries with SMEs have lowest number of deaths. The findings also proves that rate of human development does not appear to be a valid framework for explaining differing death rates between the countries.
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