Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia, and if it continues, the patients are at risk of having a macrovascular or microvascular complication. One of the most frequent microvascular complications is Diabetic Retinopathy, with a prevalence of 42.6%. Most of the blindness due to Diabetic Retinopathy is a permanent condition and cannot be treated, so prevention is vital in reducing this disease. This literature aimed at providing the recent information related to the effect of curcumin in preventing Diabetic Retinopathy from occurring in patients with Diabetes Mellitus and becoming a source of the latest product innovation in preventing this disease. The writing began by electronic database searching via Google Scholar, Science Direct, Medline, and Research Gate. Only articles in English were taken as a literature review with the following research variables, namely the decrease in ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), the decline in inflammation, morphological changes in the retina, and reduction in levels of VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)which is an angiogenic factor. Twelve studies showed the following measurement results, namely five studies showed a significant result for giving curcumin extract to decrease ROS; ten studies showed that curcumin extract could significantly improve the morphology of the retina; four studies showed that curcumin extract could significantly help the anti-inflammation process, and four studies showed a significant reduction in VEGF levels. Based on twelve articles reviewed, curcumin can act as a bioactive substance in preventing Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which if not done properly, can cause microvascular and macrovascular disorders. Indicators of the accuracy of diabetes management in this scientific article include education, self-management (improving diet, increasing physical activity, and self-efficacy), and monitoring of HbA1c levels. Mobile devices have the potential as a tool for diabetes mellitus management in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0.Purpose: to provide the latest information regarding the effectiveness of using mobile devices in controlling risk factors for diabetes mellitus.Method: This study is a literature review study. The electronic databases used are Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Directory of Access Journals (DOAJ). Inclusion criteria: original research, a journal of at least 80% indexed by Sinta (Indonesian journal) and indexed by Scopus (international journal), published year 2010-2020, intervention using a mobile device, has an output of HbA1c levels, self management (diet, physical activity, and self efficacy), and the level of knowledge. Exclusion criteria: reference with secondary data.Result: This study used 16 scientific articles. A number of 12 studies (75%) reported the use of mobile device applications in controlling risk factors for diabetes mellitus had significant measurement results in controlling HbA1c levels in 10 studies (83%) and 2 studies were not significant (17%). Outcomes in the form of self-management were reported by 9 studies with details of the significant results of dietary improvement in 5 studies (83%), increased physical activity in 5 studies (63%), and self-efficacy in 4 studies (67%). The increase in knowledge was reported by 4 studies with significant results (100%).Conclusion: Mobile device-based digital intervention is quite effective in controlling diabetes mellitus risk factors to control HbA1c levels, increasing self-management (improving diet, increasing physical activity, and self-efficacy) and knowledge.
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