Extracellular matrix (ECM) specifically undergoes degradation during the tissue repair and remodeling, morphogenesis, and various signaling activities through its unique biochemical and biomechanical properties. 1,2 Up to date, nearly about 200 Zn-dependent matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with
Wnt/beta-catenin signaling may play an essential role in endometrial decidualization, placentation, and the establishment of pregnancy. We investigate here the possible roles, immunolocalizations, and synthesis of the Wnt3, Wnt7a, and betacatenin proteins in the rat endometrium during the estrous cycle and early postimplantation period. Wnt3 and Wnt7a had a similar localization and dynamic expression relative to the endometrial stages. Wnt7a immunostaining was not limited only to the luminal epithelial cells, but also to strong stainings in the stromal and endothelial cells. Wnt3, Wnt7a, and beta-catenin were highly synthesized and colocalized at the trophoblast-decidual interface; and were more obvious in the primary decidual zone, the GTCs, and the ectoplacental cone. Beta-catenin was strongly localized at the borders of the mature decidual cells; however, Wnt3 and Wnt7a immunolocalizations were decreased in those cells. As such, the immunolocalization of Wnt3, Wnt7a, and beta-catenin shifted with decidualization and placentation. The expression level of Wnt3, Wnt7a, and beta-catenin messenger RNAs increased in early pregnancy, and especially between Days 8.5 and 9.5. The dramatic changes in the expression of Wnt3, Wnt7a, and beta-catenin observed during the early days of pregnancy and the estrous cycle may indicate their roles in decidualization, stromal cell proliferation, and trophoblast invasion.
Yeni koronavirüs hastalığı şu anda büyük bir pandemiye neden olmaktadır. Aralık 2019'da Yeni koronavirüs-19’un patlak vermesinden bu yana, virüs bulaşmış hastalarda sıklıkla çeşitli sindirim semptomları bildirilmiştir. Hastalar tipik olarak ateş ve solunum yolu hastalığı ile başvururken, bazı hastalar ishal, kusma ve karın ağrısı gibi sindirim semptomlarını da bildirmektedir. Hastalığın şiddeti arttıkça, sindirim semptomları da belirgin hale gelmektedir. Sindirim semptomları olan hastaların ortalama karaciğer enzim düzeyleri, düşük monosit sayısı ile daha uzun protrombin zamanının olduğu ve sindirim semptomları olmayanlara göre daha fazla antimikrobiyal tedavi gördükleri çeşitli çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Klinisyenler, ishal gibi sindirim semptomlarının yaygın olarak Yeni koronavirüs-19 'un özellikleri arasında olduğunu ve sindirim semptomları ile başvuran risk altındaki hastalarda şüphe endeksinin daha erken yükseltilmesi gerektiğini fark etmelidir.
The endometrium is one of the most dynamic and fascinating tissues in the human body. Its sole purpose is to enable implantation of an embryo during a relatively short time period 'the implantation window' in the menstrual cycle. Blastocyst implantation and successful establishment of pregnancy require delicate interactions between the embryo and the maternal environment. Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is determined when embryos of good quality fail to implant following several in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment cycles. Implantation failure is related to either maternal factors or embryonic causes. A multitude of molecular factors have been implicated in this complex process, including endometrial integrins, extracellular matrix molecules and adhesion molecules. Cellular adhesion molecules found on the surface of cells are protein molecules which provide cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interaction. Cellular adhesion molecules have been identified in virtually all tissues associated with reproductive physiology. In recent years, it is accepted that implantation begins with the help of all adhesion molecules including epithelium integrins and selectins. Reduced in endometrial expression of avβ3 integrin, L-selectin and E-kadherin alone or together may contribute to recurrent implantation failure and these molecules could account as the potential molecular markers of infertility. Cell adhesion molecules, which have a very extensive role in implantation, need to be investigated in more detail in biological and pathological situations. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of our current understanding of the morphological changes which occur to the plasma membrane of the uterine endothelium, and the molecular mechanisms that control communication between the early embryo and the endometrium during implantation.
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