The present study was aimed at determining the compounds available in Eleusine indica methanol extract and the effects on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HHV1) replication cycle and progeny infectivity. Twelve compounds mostly from the flavonoid and phenolic groups were identified by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The effect on replication phases of HHV1 was determined by time-of-addition, time-removal and virus yield reduction assays with expression of selected genes analysed by quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). The extract inhibited plaque formation the most during the first 2 h and at 24 h of infection. Plaque formation inhibition was also noted at all other time points but at lesser percentage. Treatment with E. indica reduced progeny infectivity when treated for 10 h and was dose-dependent. E. indica methanol extract inhibited immediate early, early and late phases of HHV1 replication cycle by modifying the expression of U L 54, U L 27 and U L 30 genes during the infection. Immunostaining of infected cells confirmed that E. indica inhibited mainly Glycoproteins B but not Glycoprotein C and D. Thus, the methanol extract of E. indica has the ability to alter HHV1 replication cycle at almost all stages and reduce progeny infectivity.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are known as the major group of probiotics that possess different beneficial properties. Several studies had reported the isolation of LAB from stingless bees. However, the isolation of LAB specifically from stingless bee gut is still limited. The bee microbiome frequently hosts LAB which demonstrated beneficial effects such as reducing bacterial and parasite infections as well as increasing honey output in beehives. This study aimed to characterize the probiotic properties and antimicrobial activity of LAB from stingless bee gut. A total of five LAB strains were successfully isolated from three different species of stingless bee known as Heterotrigona itama (HIT), Geniotrigona thoracica (GTH), and Tetragonula laeviceps (TLA). All LAB isolates were assessed for in vitro probiotic activity such as acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance, tolerance to simulated gastric juice, surface hydrophobicity, and also their antimicrobial activity. The percentage viability for acid tolerance at pH 3 after one hour incubation for these LAB isolates is 98.81% from TLA 2 whereas for bile salt tolerance after four hours is 92.98% from TLA 3.
Aim: This paper reviews the different in vitro models of human intestinal epithelium that have been utilized for studying the adhesion and invasion properties.
Problem Statement: The cell adhesion and invasion are the key mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity that determines their possible routes of transmission. Numerous investigations related to the adhesion and invasion ability of bacterial isolates have been reported on monoculture human intestinal cells. However, the use of monoculture cells has several major disadvantages, such as the inability to reproduce the complex structure that defines the intestine and the inability to accurately predict the mechanism of bacterial adhesion and invasion.
Approach: Co-culture models of human intestine have been developed as an alternative to improve the monoculture epithelial cell for adhesion and invasion studies, which provide more flexibility and overcome some of the limitations
Conclusion: With the use of diverse in vitro approach, it could provide thorough information on different ability of bacterial adhesion and invasion and it could help to clarify the intricacy of host-pathogen interactions that underpin bacterial pathogenesis.
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