In this region of lower Sindh, stunting is more common than wasting. Female illiteracy, poor household income and overcrowding are important risk factors for stunting. The prevalent belief that in rural Pakistan, parents pay attention to feeding male children at the cost of female children is not proven by these data.
Among public health challenges in Afghanistan, communicable diseases still predominate because the epidemiologic transition to chronic disease has not yet occurred. Afghanistan's 10-year journey to improve its response to communicable disease is reflected in varying degrees of progress and innovation, all while long-standing conflict and geographic inaccessibility limit outreach and effective service delivery to vulnerable populations. Although Afghanistan is close to achieving polio elimination, other reportable communicable diseases are only slowly achieving their goals and objectives through targeted, sustained programmatic efforts. The introduction of disease early warning systems has allowed for identification and investigation of outbreaks within 48 hours. Tuberculosis case detection has risen over the last 10 years, and treatment success rates have been sustained at World Health Organization targets over the last 5 years at 85%. These successes are in large part due to increased government commitment, Global Fund support, training of community health workers and improved laboratory capabilities. Malaria cases dropped between 2002 and 2010. HIV/AIDS has been kept at low levels except in only certain sub-sectors of the population. In order to build on these achievements, Afghanistan will need a comprehensive strategy for all communicable diseases, with better human and infrastructure development, better multi-sectoral development and international collaboration.
Waterborne bacterial infections are mainly caused by the direct transmission of pathogenic bacteria to the host through DW. Chlorination of DW is critical to prevent the water supplies from bacterial pathogens. In present study, microbiological quality of DW provided through filtration plants to Rawalpindi City was investigated. Experimentations were designed to screen bacterial tolerance to the added Chlorine, and to subsequent study the antibiotic sensitivity of isolated bacteria. A total of 107 water samples were collected. Out of which, 57.95% were found satisfactory for human consumption. pH determination revealed that 18.70% of the samples has pH in the range of 8.0 to 8.9. TDS analysis showed 14.01% of samples above the standard HDL (500 mg/L). Furthermore, 13.34% of the samples showed the highest load (351 to 1800 CFU/100mL) of fecal coliforms. Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline were found to be the most effective antibiotics against the isolated pathogens. These bacterial strains were also able to tolerate 1mg/L of Chlorine. Present study revealed the presence of Chlorine and antibiotic resistant bacteria in DW, which poses a great health risk to the consumers. In conclusion, it is recommended to boil the DW, as it effectively kills all the bacteria in addition to chlorination.
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