The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is an important route, which connects northern Pakistan with Western China. Presence of steep slopes, active faults and seismic zones, sheared rock mass, and torrential rainfall make the study area a unique geohazards laboratory. Since its construction, landslides constitute an appreciable threat, having blocked the KKH several times. Therefore, landslide susceptibility mapping was carried out in this study to support highway authorities in maintaining smooth and hazard-free travelling. Geological and geomorphological data were collected and processed using a geographic information system (GIS) environment. Different conditioning and triggering factors for landslide occurrences were considered for preparation of the susceptibility map. These factors include lithology, seismicity, rainfall intensity, faults, elevation, slope angle, aspect, curvature, land cover and hydrology. According to spatial and statistical analyses, active faults, seismicity and slope angle mainly control the spatial distribution of landslides. Each controlling parameter was assigned a numerical weight by utilizing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. Additionally, the weighted overlay method (WOL) was employed to determine landslide susceptibility indices. As a result, the landslide susceptibility map was produced. In the map, the KKH was subdivided into four different susceptibility zones. Some sections of the highway fall into high to very high susceptibility zones. According to results, active faults, slope gradient, seismicity and lithology have a strong influence on landslide events. Credibility of the map was validated by landslide density analysis (LDA) and receiver oper-ator characteristics (ROC), yielding a predictive accuracy of 72 %, which is rated as satisfactory by previous researchers.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.
The Karakoram Highway links north Pakistan with southwest China. It passes through unique geomorphological, geological and tectonic setting. This study focused 200-km-long section of the highway starting from Besham until Chilas. Landslides are frequent and are mostly triggered by torrential rain during Monsoon and Westerlies, leading to highway blockade. Rockfall and debris flow are prime mode of slope failures. Regional to site-specific approach was implemented to assess risk associated with these two modes. Remote sensing-based techniques were used to identify potential hazardous sites, which were further investigated for risk assessment. Modified Pierson’s rockfall hazard rating system (RHRS) rated potential rockfalls, whereas semi-quantitative technique was employed to assess debris flows. Normalized scores of each site shaped the final map, further classified into four zones: very high, high, intermediate and low risk.
Abstract. The Karakoram Highway (KKH), as part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), connects NorthernPakistan with Western China. KKH passes through the actively rising mountain ranges of Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindu Kush, forming the junction between the Indian and Eurasian plates, including Kohistan Island Arc. The area is characterized by fractured and weathered rockmass, diverse lithologies (igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary), high seismicity, deep gorges, high relief, arid to Monsoon climate and locally high rates of tectonic activity. These conditions make the study area a 15 unique geohazards laboratory. Starting with its construction in 1979, KKH's stability has been endangered by a variety of geohazards. In that regard, landslides constitute an appreciable threat, having blocked KKH for several times. Therefore, landslide susceptibility mapping was carried out in this study, to support highway authorities in maintaining smooth and hazard free travelling. Geological and geomorphological data were collected and processed using Arc GIS 10.3. Different conditioning and triggering factors for landslide occurrences were considered for preparation of the susceptibility map. These factors include 20 lithology, seismicity, rainfall intensity, faults, elevation, slope angle, aspect, curvature, land cover and hydrology. According to spatial and statistical analyses, active faults, seismicity and slope angle mainly control the spatial distribution of landslides.Each controlling parameter was assigned a numerical weight by utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method.Additionally, the weighted overlay method (WOL) was employed to determine landslide susceptibility indices. As a final result, the landslide susceptibility map was produced. In the map, KKH was subdivided into four different susceptibility zones. 25Some sections of the highway fall into high to very high susceptibility zones. According to results, active faults, slope gradient, seismicity and lithology have a strong influence on landslide events. Credibility of the map was validated by landslide density analysis (LDA) and receiver operator characteristics (ROC), yielding a predictive accuracy of 72% which is rated sufficient for mitigation planning. Introduction 30The Karakoram Highway (KKH), a part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), connects northern Pakistan with western China (Fig. 1). It passes through rapidly rising mountain ranges of Himalaya, Karakoram, Hindu Kush forming the junction between the Indian and Eurasian plates including the Kohistan Island Arc (Derbyshire et al., 2001 Landslides are a result of different geodynamic processes and represent a potentially momentous type of geohazard, causing 5 economic and social loss by damaging infrastructure and buildings (Vallejo and Ferrer, 2011). Landslides are mainly caused by conditioning and triggering factors. Conditioning factors include relief, lithology, geological structure, geomechanical properties and weathering, whereas precipitation, seismicity, ch...
Subcutaneous emphysema in the hand can result from infectious and non-infectious aetiologies. Adequate history, physical examination, laboratory studies and imaging are needed to delineate the cause, to prevent debilitating consequences and to avoid unnecessary procedures and interventions. In this case report, an 18-year-old man sustained a trauma to the dorsum of the hand after a fist fight, without any penetrating objects, that resulted in instantaneous non-infectious subcutaneous emphysema which resolved with conservative management. A literature review of cases of non-infectious subcutaneous emphysema is presented here with an overview of the mechanism of injury, as well as the course and management. Certain criteria are also outlined to help differentiate between infectious and non-infectious emphysema, which include laboratory studies, imaging, timing and clinical symptoms.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.