PurposeThe optimality objectives are the structure weight and embodied energy as well as calculating the cost and embodied carbon of the resulting optimum options. Three optimality algorithms developed in MATLAB, namely, genetic algorithms (GA), particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and harmony search algorithm (HSA), were used for structural optimisation to compare the effectiveness of the algorithms. Two life-cycle stages were considered, production and construction stages, which include three boundaries: materials, transportation and erection. In the formulation of the optimum design problem, 107 universal steel beams (UKB) and 64 columns (UKC) sections were considered for the discrete design variables. The imposed behavioural constraints in the optimum design process were set according to the provision of Eurocode 3 (EC3). The study aims to find the optimum solution of 2D steel frames whilst considering weight and embodied energy, investigate the performance of the analysis integrated with MATLAB and provide three examples to which all these are applied to.Design/methodology/approachUndoubtedly, in structural engineering, the best design of any structure aims at the most economical and environmental option, without impairing the functional and its structural integrity. In the paper, multi-objective stochastic search methods are proposed for optimum design of three two-dimensional multi-story frames.FindingsResults showed that the optimised designs obtained by HSA are better than those found by the GA and PSO with an average difference of 16% from GA and PSO, where this difference increases at larger frame structures. It was, therefore, concluded that the integration of the analysis, design and optimisation methods employed in MATLAB can be effective in obtaining prompt optimum results during the decision-making stage.Research limitations/implicationsThere may be some possible limitations in the study. Due to the time constraints, only three meta-heuristic approaches were investigated, where more methods should be investigated to fully understand their effectiveness in multi-objective problems.Originality/valueInvestigating the performance of three optimisation methods in multi-objective problems developed in MATLAB. More importantly, developing optimisation models for evaluation of embodied energy, embodied carbon and cost for steel structures to assist designers, during the initial stages, to evaluate design decisions against their energy consumption and carbon impacts.
Groundwater contamination is now a global issue, and the sources of contamination differ from countries. The study reports the assessment of microbiological characteristics of different groundwater sources in Ilesa west local government area for potability status. Also, it examined the strength of the relationship between the microbiological results with the construction and sanitation characteristics of the sources to determine the cause of the pollution. The work involved an on-site survey of 69 drinking water sources extracted from a gridded map of the study area to gather information on water sources, treatment, construction, and sanitary status. Water sampling from each household was conducted during rainy and dry seasons for microbiological characteristics using the most probable number (MPN) of counting coliforms. Most of the water samples were heavily polluted and exceeded the WHO guidelines with MPN/100 mL ranging from 0 to > 1.1 × 10 3 . The Kendall's tau_b correlation revealed that the water source in form of hand-dug wells has the strongest correlation (r = 0.94) with the microbiological result. The hand-dug wells that were partially lined, and those not lined at all, correlate (r = 0.95 and r = 0.94), respectively, with the microbiological results. The microbiological loads of all the water sources are high, and the status of the casing has proved to be the major factor influencing the pollution in the hand-dug wells. There is a need to enforce the construction standards for household hand-dug wells, perform routine water quality assessment for boreholes, and authority should encourage the treatment of all water sources before drinking. K E Y W O R D Sboreholes, hand-dug wells, microbiological quality, MPN, spring, well characteristics Abbreviations: APHA, American Public Health Association; DWAGL, hand-dug wells with casing height of less than 0.1 m; DWAN, hand-dug wells with casing height of 0.1-0.3 m; DWANH, hand-dug wells with casing height above 0.3 m; DWC, hand-dug wells with coagulation treatment; DWCH, hand-dug wells with chlorination treatment; DWFH, hand-dug wells far from septic tank//pit latrines with a distance of more than 15 m; DWFM, hand-dug wells far from the septic tank/pit latrines with a distance of 8 m-15 m; DWFS, hand-dug wells far from the septic tank/pit latrines with a distance of less than 8 m; DWNT, hand-dug wells with no form of treatment; Eh, redox potential; GIS, geographic information system; GPS, global positioning system; LCNPM, hand-dug wells lined but have cracks and no pumping machine installed; LGA, Local Government Area; LNPF, hand-dug wells with lids not properly fitted; LPF, hand-dug wells with fitted lids; LRNPM, hand-dug wells Lined/ringed with no pumping machine installed; LRWPM, hand-dug wells lined/ringed with pumping machine installed; MPN, most probable number; NLRNPM, hand-dug wells not lined/ringed with no pumping machine installed; NLRWPM, hand-dug wells not lined /ringed with pumping machine installed; PAST, Paleontological statistics; PHAC, Public H...
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