Distributed Power Generation and Energy Storage Systems (DPG-ESSs) are crucial to securing a local energy source. Both entities could enhance the operation of Smart Grids (SGs) by reducing Power Loss (PL), maintaining the voltage profile, and increasing Renewable Energy (RE) as a clean alternative to fossil fuel. However, determining the optimum size and location of different methodologies of DPG-ESS in the SG is essential to obtaining the most benefits and avoiding any negative impacts such as Quality of Power (QoP) and voltage fluctuation issues. This paper’s goal is to conduct comprehensive empirical studies and evaluate the best size and location for DPG-ESS in order to find out what problems it causes for SG modernization. Therefore, this paper presents explicit knowledge of decentralized power generation in SG based on integrating the DPG-ESS in terms of size and location with the help of Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms (MOAs). This research also reviews rationalized cost-benefit considerations such as reliability, sensitivity, and security studies for Distribution Network (DN) planning. In order to determine results, various proposed works with algorithms and objectives are discussed. Other soft computing methods are also defined, and a comparison is drawn between many approaches adopted in DN planning.
A Low Voltage Direct Current (LVDC) nano-grid opens new potentials for the electrification of isolated rural settlements, urban residential structures, and the existing grid infrastructure. This study introduces and examines the Power-Sharing Control (PSC) of a solar Photovoltaic (PV) system connected to a low-voltage DC nano-grid. Effective control and power management between the components of a planned LVDC nano-grid system are presented, as is the use of a PSC algorithm implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). General simulation investigations are tested to analyse the system's performance using the recommended controller. The proposed LVDC nano-grid idea is developed, and its hardware is assessed. The results of the hardware under different settings are shown and discussed. The proposed nano-grid model is implemented in matrix laboratory (MATLAB)-Simulink and has an FPGAbased Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller and a central PSC algorithm; simulation studies are performed, and results are achieved. 100 W nano-grid hardware is set up and tested. Quantitative costbenefit analyses of the LVDC nano-grid of the proposed controller are given.
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