α-Amylase production by thermophilic Bacillus sp strain SMIA-2 cultivated in liquid cultures containing soluble starch as a carbon source and supplemented with 0.05% whey protein and 0.2% peptone reached a maximum activity at 32 h, with levels of 37 U/mL. Studies on the amylase characterization revealed that the optimum temperature of this enzyme was 90ºC. The enzyme was stable for 1 h at temperatures ranging from 40-50ºC while at 90ºC, 66% of its maximum activity was lost. However, in the presence of 5 mM CaCl2, the enzyme was stable at 90ºC for 30 min and retained about 58% residual activity after 1 h. The optimum pH of the enzyme was found to be 8.5. After incubation of enzyme for 2 h at pH 9.5 and 11.0 was observed a decrease of about 6.3% and 16.5% of its original activity. At pH 6.0 the enzyme lost about 36% of its original activity. . In the presence of 2.0 M NaCl, 63% of amylase activity was retained after 2 h incubation at 45ºC. The amylase exhibited more than 70% activity when incubated for 1 h at 50ºC with sodium dodecyl sulphate. However, very little residual activity was obtained with sodium hypochlorite and with hydrogen peroxide the enzyme was completely inhibited. The compatibility of Bacillus sp SMIA-2 amylase with certain commercial detergents was shown to be good as the enzyme retained 86%, 85% and 75% of its activity after 20 min incubation at 50ºC in the presence of the detergent brands Omo ® , Campeiro ® and Tide ® , respectively.
The present work evaluated the effect of different processes in relation to mineral content and its bioavailability, as well as the effect of phytate and oxalate contents in biofortified beans.
ResumoBacillus sp. SMIA-2 cresceu e secretou proteases quando cultivado em culturas líquidas contendo citrato trissódico como fonte de carbono e nitrato de amônio como fonte de nitrogênio. A atividade máxima da enzima foi alcançada após 8 horas de incubação do microrganismo, com níveis de 7,2 U.mg -1 proteína. A suplementação do meio com 2,0 mM de CaCl 2 não proporcionou um aumento da atividade da protease, porém aumentou a sua estabilidade de 2 para 4 horas. A redução da concentração do fosfato de potássio no meio de cultura de 11,0 para 5,0 mM promoveu um acréscimo de 82% (13 U.mg -1 proteína) na atividade da protease. A substituição do nitrato de amônio presente no meio de cultura por 0,1% de soro de queijo aumentou a atividade da protease para 25 U.mg -1 proteína. Nestas condições, o tempo requerido para que a enzima atingisse seu pico de atividade máxima, que antes era de 9 horas, passou para 16 horas. A substituição do citrato trissódico do meio de cultura pela água de maceração de milho (0,5%) não só aumentou a atividade da enzima como também retardou o processo de desativação que é típico da produção de proteases. A atividade máxima da enzima obtida quando estes dois resíduos foram utilizados no meio foi 59,5 U.mg -1 proteína. Após alcançar este valor a enzima se manteve estável por mais de 20 horas o que favorece a sua produção em larga escala. Palavras-chave: proteases; Bacillus sp.; água de maceração de milho; soro de queijo. AbstractBacillus sp. SMIA-2 grew and produced proteases when cultivated in liquid cultures containing trisodium citrate as a carbon source and ammonium nitrate as a nitrogen source. The maximum activity of the enzyme was reached after incubating the microorganism for 9 hours, with levels of 7.2 U.mg -1 protein. The supplementation of the medium with 2.0 mM of CaCl 2 did not improve the activity of the protease, but increased its stability from 2 to 4 hours. The reduction in the amount of inorganic phosphate in the medium from 11.0 to 5.0 mM resulted in an improvement of 82% (13 U.mg -1 protein) in the protease activity. Replacing ammonium nitrate in the medium by 0.1% milk whey increased the protease activity to 25 U.mg -1 protein. In these conditions, the time required for the enzyme to reach a maximum activity increased from 9 to 16 hours. Replacing citrate trissodium in the medium by corn steep liquor (0.5%) not only produced much better enzyme activity, but also delayed the deactivation process which is typical for the production of proteases. The maximum activity reached when these wastes were used in the medium was 59.5 U.mg -1 protein. In addition, the enzyme maintained stable for more than 20 hours, which is favorable for its production on a large scale.
RESUMO A adição, em iogurtes, de polpa de Juçara como fonte de compostos fenólicos pode modificar as características físico-químicas, contribuir para atividade antioxidante, e interferir na viabilidade de bactérias probióticas e na aceitação sensorial. Com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da adição de polpa de Juçara em iogurte, foi realizado um experimento, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em parcelas subdivididas. A parcela principal foi o teor de polpa, com seis níveis (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25%) e, como subparcela, o tempo de armazenamento, a 5 oC, com cinco níveis (1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias). Os teores percentuais médios de gordura, cinzas, extrato seco total e acidez dos iogurtes não diferiram (P ≥ 0,05). O teor de proteína diminuiu com o aumento do teor de polpa, variando de 4,07% (F0) a 2,9% (F25%). O conteúdo fenólico total e a atividade antioxidante foram maiores no iogurte com 25% de polpa, atingindo valores de 117,84 mg de AGE/100g e 6,95 µmol Trolox/g, respectivamente, assim como a contagem de bactérias probióticas, que variou de 3,17 log UFC.g-1 (F0) a 6,34 log UFC.g-1 (F25%), nos iogurtes, após 28 dias de armazenamento. A adição da polpa de Juçara favoreceu a multiplicação e a viabilidade de bactérias probióticas, contribuiu para o aumento do conteúdo fenólico total e para maior atividade antioxidante dos iogurtes, que apresentaram boa aceitação sensorial pelo consumidor.
As amilases constituem um dos mais importantes grupos de enzimas industriais com aplicações em diferentes indústrias como de alimentos, têxtil, química, farmacêutica e de detergentes (DEMIRKAN et al., 2005;GUPTA et al., 2003;BORCHERT, 2000;PANDEY et al., 2005;SOCCOL, 2005;SURMELY, 2003).As enzimas amilolíticas são responsáveis por 25 a 33% da produção mundial de enzimas, ocupando segundo lugar logo após as proteases (NGUYEN et al., 2002). Dentre estas, a mais importante é a α-amilase, pois desempenha um papel fundamental na conversão do amido em produtos de baixo peso molecular, que podem ser utilizados por outras enzimas do AbstractThe optimization of culture conditions for the production of α-amylase by the thermophilic Bacillus sp strain SMIA-2 was carried out. In addition, the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch from several sources, such as potato, cassava and corn was investigated. Alpha-amylase production by Bacillus sp SMIA-2 cultivated in liquid cultures containing starch as carbon source and supplemented with 0.5 g.L -1 whey protein and 2.0 g.L -1 peptone reached a maximum of 37 U.mL -1 at 32 hours. The microorganism was capable of utilizing several carbon sources, but amylase activity varied with each source. Starch was the best carbon source for amylase secretion, while lactose, maltose, sucrose, galactose, and glucose were not very effective. Decreasing starch concentration in the medium to 2.5 g.L -1 improved organism growth and enzyme activity. At higher starch concentrations, enzyme production was comparatively lower. Among the various organic and inorganic nitrogen sources, peptone (2.0 g.L -1 ) was found to be the best. Regarding the amount of whey protein in the medium, the concentration of 0.25 g.L -1 was considered the most effective for amylase secretion by the organism. Maximum amylase activity was observed at 50 °C and pH 8.5. The enzyme was able to degrade all the starches tested. Potato starch hydrolysis resulted in a higher yield of reducing sugars in comparison to the other starches. Soluble and cassava starch were, respectively, in second and third positions regarding the liberation of reducing sugars, while the amylase studied showed a slightly lower affinity for corn starch. Increasing the reaction temperature to 70 °C resulted in higher levels of reducing sugars after the hydrolysis of the substrates, except for soluble starch. Keywords: amylase; Bacillus; starch; hydrolysis; thermophilic bacterium. ResumoA otimização das condições de cultivo para a produção de α-amilase por um termofílico Bacillus sp. cepa SMIA-2 foi realizada. Além disso, a hidrólise enzimática do amido, proveniente de várias fontes tais como batata, mandioca e milho, foi também investigada. A produção de α-amilase por Bacillus sp. SMIA-2, cultivado em meio líquido contendo amido (5 g.L -1 ) como fonte de carbono e suplementado com 0,5 g.L -1 de proteínas do soro de leite e 2 g.L -1 de peptona, alcançou o máximo em 32 horas com níveis de 37 U.mL -1 . O microrganismo foi capaz de utilizar diversas fontes de carbono, p...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.