This work evaluates the influence of chemical additives, namely, starch, high-viscosity carboxymethylcellulose (HV-CMC), and calcite on rheological and filtration properties of inhibited drilling fluids composed by potassium citrate. A total of 11 experiments were conducted using a 2 3 -factorial design, three of which were in the central point. The concentration of starch varied from 0 to 0.0343 kg/L, the concentration of HV-CMC ranged between 0 and 0.0043 kg/L, and the concentration of calcite from 0 to 0.071 kg/L. Rheological and filtration properties were determined for the studied fluids. According to the results, starch and HV-CMC influence statistically the rheological properties of the studied fluids. The filtration properties, on the other hand, are statistically affected by these additives. The best results for fluid loss were obtained with fluids comprising starch and calcite in high concentrations, or with starch, HV-CMC, and calcite in high concentrations.
Mining processes produce a massive amount of waste which, if not treated properly, can cause significant environmental and social impacts. Recently, some studies have focused on the use of mining waste as an alternative raw material. This work developed new sustainable ceramic formulations based on bentonite mining waste (BMW) for applications in porcelain stoneware. The BMW was incorporated into the ceramic masses in different percentages (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 40 wt.%), in partial replacement to feldspar and total to quartz. X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal calorimetry (DTA), and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) techniques were used to characterize bentonite waste. Samples (50 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm) were obtained by uniaxial pressing. Such samples were dried and sintered at 1150, 1200, and 1250 °C. The physical–mechanical properties (apparent porosity, water absorption, linear shrinkage, apparent density, and flexural strength) were evaluated for sintered samples. The phases formed after sintering treatments were characterized by XDR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The BMW presented a mineralogical composition suitable for use as ceramic raw material. In summary, our results presented that the new sustainable ceramic formulations sintered at 1250 °C have the potential for use in stoneware and porcelain stoneware.
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