is distributed along the coasts of the Northwest Pacific in the region of Vietnam (Tanaka and Ho 1962), Thailand (Lewmanomont and Ogawa 1978) and China (Tseng 1984). In Thailand, the alga is found on the rocks of upper tidal zone along the coasts of Songkhla. The blade phase occurs during monsoon season in Novem-ber to February (Brohmanonda and Sahavatcharin 1968). P. vietnamensis is economically important edible seaweed in Thailand comparable to Gracilaria, Caulerpa and Sargassum (Lewmanomont 1998).The effect of temperature and salinity on the life cycle of P. vietnamensis has been reported by Lewmanomont and Chittpoolkusol (1993). However, the preliminary information was restricted on the small sizes of blades, and by using the conchocelis in shell or free-floating fila-ments.In this study, detailed information on the physiological responses of both phases of P. vietnamensis will be presented. The effects of various environmental factors (i.e. temperature, salinity, photoperiod and photon flux density) on the growth and maturation of the blade and conchocelis phase in the laboratory culture will be discussed. Furthermore, from the results of this study, we intend to develop a sea-farming technology, and feasible seeding technique of this species at the coasts of tropical area due to its high economic potential.
MATERIALS AND METHODSMature blades were collected from Leam Son-on Rocky Dam, Amphur Muang, Songkhla Province, Peninsula Thailand (07°13' 795" N and 100°34' 983" E) in January 19, 1999. The surface of the blade pieces was cleaned up several times with a soft artist brush in sterilized seawater to remove epibionts. The pieces of tissue were placed in petri dish filled with sterilized seawater
This work examined diet composition of the juvenile orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, and its trophic association with other juvenile fish species in tropical estuarine habitats during recruitment. From December 2015 to March 2016, juveniles were collected, their stomachs excised, preserved and analyzed. Small shrimps and amphipods, especially Grandidierella sp. and Elasmopus sp., were the most common food resources sharing among the most species. Epinephelus coioides predominantly ingested small shrimp, Grandidierella sp., Elasmopus sp. and fish larvae and had the greatest trophic overlap with Palatrus scapulopunctatus. Fish size, location and month significantly affected fullness indices and food items diversity in E. coioides. It is clear that the larger the size of E. coioides and its mouth opening, the larger the size of items ingested. This study confirms the ontogenetic dietary shift of juvenile E. coioides during recruitment season by starting as amphipod and small shrimp feeder and shifting to shrimp and fish larvae predator as they grow. This finding is fundamental to understanding how juvenile E. coioides cope with different conditions and its association with other co-existing species during the recruitment period.
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