Cationic liposomes (CLs) have been regarded as the most promising gene delivery vectors for decades with the advantages of excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, and high nucleic acid encapsulation efficiency. However, the clinical use of CLs in cancer gene therapy is limited because of many uncertain factors in vivo . Extracellular barriers such as opsonization, rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system and poor tumor penetration, and intracellular barriers, including endosomal/lysosomal entrapped network and restricted diffusion to the nucleus, make CLs not the ideal vector for transferring extrinsic genes in the body. However, the obstacles in achieving productive therapeutic effects of nucleic acids can be addressed by tailoring the properties of CLs, which are influenced by lipid compositions and surface modification. This review focuses on the physiological barriers of CLs against cancer gene therapy and the effects of lipid compositions on governing transfection efficiency, and it briefly discusses the impacts of particle size, membrane charge density, and surface modification on the fate of CLs in vivo , which may provide guidance for their preclinical studies.
Programmed Death Ligand-1(PD-L1) is an important target to drive T cell dysfunction when it connects with Programmed Death-1(PD-1), leading to immune escape of tumor cells, thus anti-PD-L1 antibody shows a promising prospect in the treatment of tumor. In order to construct a large natural antibody library, we collected a large number of lymphocytes of adults and children. The light chain and Fd genes of antibody were amplified by PCR, and the Fab phage antibody library with a library capacity of 4.27×10 9 was constructed. The insertion rates of the light chain library and the Fab library were 90% and 70%, respectively. The cloned sequences identified by PCR showed that all the sequences analyzed were unique, and the amino acid sequences of the CDR regions were diverse, which proved that there was good diversity in the antibody library. The positive clones that bind to PD-L1 were screened by phage ELISA, PCR identification and sequence analysis. In the end, two high-affinity positive clones were determined. The successful construction of this natural phage antibody library provided an effective method for screening human PD-L1 antibodies, which was expected to screen humanized antibodies against various antigens.
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