Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been shown to be present in a variety of cell types, and nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in a multitude of biological functions. The purpose of this review is twofold: (1) to provide a comprehensive table of cell types that produce NO together with the effects of agents used to study iNOS regulation, as a ready reference for the investigators in the field; and (2) to summarize recent observations dealing with iNOS signal transduction mechanisms. Initially, the major regulation of NO production was believed to occur at the transcription step, but now it is recognized that NO regulation can occur at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational level. There have been a number of studies of the regulation of iNOS in various cell types, often yielding conflicting results. The major emphasis of this review is on iNOS signal transduction mechanisms. For example, the role of JAK kinases and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in iNOS regulation is elaborated. In addition, species differences in the iNOS promoter region and the role of RNA structure in iNOS expression is discussed. The role MAP kinases play in translational regulation in addition to transcriptional regulation is emphasized. An analysis of the current data and suggestions for future studies are also presented.
. (1974). Thorax, 29,[138][139][140][141]. Pulmonary blastoma. A case report of a pulmonary blastoma is presented. A tumour was suspected at surgery and on histological examination this proved to be a pulmonary blastoma. A short review of the histogenesis and methods of treatment is given.Pulmonary blastoma is the least common of all tumours of the lung. This histological entity was first recognized in 1952. To date only 19 cases have been reported in the literature. There is considerable controversy regarding its histogenesis which has not yet been settled. The purpose of this communication is to present a case of pulmonary blastoma that we recently encountered. CASE REPORTMrs. K., a 30-year-old woman, was admitted to hospital on account of pain in the posterior part of the right lower chest of 30 days' duration. The pain was episodic, radiating down the intercostal spaces and not aggravated by cough or respiratory excursions. She was afebrile and had no cough. There was no weight loss. Her physician had diagnosed a loculated effusion in the right chest from the radiograph. Two attempts at thoracentesis were made. It was reported that clear fluid was aspirated but this was not definitely documented. Before the onset of this illness she was in good health.At the time of admission her general condition was satisfactory. There was no clubbing. The trachea was central and there was no mediastinal shift. The percussion note was impaired and vocal fremitus and resonance were decreased markedly at the right base. The breath sounds were decreased on the posterior aspect of the lower part of the right hemiithorax. Other systems were normal. The white cell count was 8,500/mm3, with 72-0% neutrophils, 8-0% eosinophils, and 20-0% lymphocytes. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was not raised. Casoni's test was negative. The chest radiograph (Fig. 1) showed a large, homogeneous, well-defined mass in the region of the right lower lobe. The (Fig. 3)
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