IntroductionInternalized stigma among people living with HIV has been linked to a range of negative consequences. The current study describes the development and validation of a contextually appropriate internalized HIV-related Stigma Scale for people living with HIV in Thailand.MethodsThe study was carried out in two stages from 2018 to 2019: developing items based on the findings of focus group discussions and pilot testing the original list of items and validating the instrument. In the cross-sectional survey stage, a sample of 400 people living with HIV was used to validate the test items in accordance with their psychometric characteristics.ResultsThe study’s outcome was the 22-item Thai Internalized HIV-related Stigma Scale (Thai-IHSS). The exploratory factor analysis showed that the Thai-IHSS consisted of four components: negative thoughts toward self (5 items), anticipated negative thoughts (7 items), effects of negative thought toward self (6 items), and effects of negative thoughts toward family and access to healthcare services (4 items).DiscussionThe Thai-IHSS had acceptable concurrent, convergent, and congruent validity according to the findings. Additionally, the 8-item Thai-IHSS brief, which included two items for each component, was detailed. The Thai-IHSS is valid and reliable for use in Thailand and other countries with comparable sociocultural environments.
This article explains the outcome of the study to strengthen the knowledge of the experience of being lone mothers by focusing on the way “social stigma” and “social support” are involved in the creation of the women's experience in and being alone mothers in contemporary Thai society. In this article, researchers have studied the experiences and views described by the goal. The stories of the lone mothers of 18 people living in Chiang Mai are brought to the dialogue, reflecting the perception and experience of stigma and dealing with that stigma. In this place, researchers have included the “experts” in the future because they are interested to cover a wider group of stigma experiences. So specialists will be able to provide greater experience through the stories that the service provider or lone mothers to receive help in order to answer. The research question, “how much is that the social stigma/discrimination has created an experience of lone mothers in Chiang Mai”. It is a guideline for analyzing data, as well as lone mothers. However, the tools from this theory are not suitable for the stigma of lone mothers. Therefore, the researchers have taken three benefits to this research: 1) stigma experience 2) dealing with stigma and 3) ashamed and self-punishment. In addition, in this article, the story of the stigma lone mothers arranged by looking at the type of lone mothers that found that age group is a similar feature of the type of lone mothers that some of them are associated with the seals at stigma they. While other groups of lone mothers are older, the seals that occur are different.
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