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This study was aimed at understanding the impact of HIV on the family system in the Indian context. A sample of 20 families caring for a relative living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) was recruited from a HIV counseling clinic at the National Institute for Mental Health and Neuro Sciences and a respite home for PLWHAs in Bangalore City in southern India. Qualitative data were collected from these families using a semi-structured interview guide and recorded in the form of narratives. Analysis of these data revealed the following themes: Stigma and discrimination; disclosure; changes in family functioning; financial difficulties; fears of the family; and helplessness. Each theme was presented in detail and implications for intervention to help these families and their PLWHAs discussed.

The Epigenetic model of understanding marital expectations of Bhatti focuses on the domains of (a) expectations from the partner, (b) expectations from marriage, (c) expectations of and from the partner's family of origin, (d) expectations of the institution of marriage, and (e) the concept of an ''ideal partner,'' and helps in understanding how martial expectations are influenced by various factors in the person's life. The underlying assumption is that the spouses enter the marriage with expectations (on all the above mentioned domains), which are facts and exist at a conscious level in the social reality. These indicators further evolve, refine, and change across the span of the marriage. This model has formed the framework for marital therapy and other interventions. This paper highlights the application of this model in marital therapy with couples with marital dysfunction.

The evolution of family psychiatric ward treatment is reviewed with special reference to the developments at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India. The set-up and philosophy of the Family Psychiatric Center are highlighted. Case reports are included. The effects of the patient's preference to be accompanied by a particular relative during family ward treatment was studied. The patient's preference for a particular relative was determined by means of a questionnaire. It was found that staying with the preferred relative was associated with a shorter stay and also that different preferred relatives had a differential effect on the duration of the hospital stay of the patient.

Frequent associations have been found between family interaction and anorectic behaviour. Family theorists have viewed anorexia as a manifestation of a dysfunctional family system. We report three families of cases of anorexia (one male and two female) where the symptom was a reflection of family pathology and was being maintained by it. The cases emphasize the need to assess families of anorectics in detail and view them in the cultural context of eating.

The Family Psychiatry Center, NIMHANS, India, has been conducting a structured training program in family therapy for over a decade. This paper presents findings from a preliminary evalua-

Thirty caregivers of people living with dementia were investigated to examine the caregivers' experience of burden. The Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDRS), Burden Interviews and open-ended questions were administered on patients attending inpatient and outpatient services at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore (India). Findings indicate that only 30 percent of the cases fell into the high burden group. No statistically significant results were observed between caregiver relationship and burden scores. Burden experienced in extended families was less compared to the other types of families. To conclude, the need to create awareness about the illness among different sections of the general population and interventions suited to the Indian caregivers are discussed.

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