We report on stable individual differences in young yellow-crowned parakeets across 38 tasks of cognitive development on three scales involving object permanence, means-end relations, and spatial relations. Stable performance ranks on blocks of tasks emerged after 13 weeks in two groups of sibling parakeets, one hand-reared and the other parent-reared. Examination of subject characteristics, such as hatch order, sex, general activity level, avoidances, latencies, social status, and errors, showed no significant correlations with these performance ranks. Characteristic individual approaches to unstructured play activities (from a fourth scale) were consistent with individual behavioral differences seen on the structured cognitive tasks.
Members of a medical school graduating class of 1985 were studied as freshmen and prior to graduation to assess the developmental issues of autonomy, intimacy and career choice. Results indicated that senior medical students were more likely to address and resolve these issues than were freshmen, that students who had resolved these issues were better able to cope with the stressors of medical education, and that senior men and women responded to these issues differently. Women were significantly more concerned about career choice, competency, intellectual challenge, socializing with peers and developing an intimate relationship. Individuals who were in committed relationships were better able to cope with the stressors of medical school than their noncommitted colleagues, as evidenced by their reporting fewer depressive episodes and lower use of alcohol and drugs.
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