Waste water contains hazardous chemicals released from industries and affects adversely aquatic life as well as deteriorates surface and groundwater quality. The industrial effluent is disposed into drains without treatment thus worsening condition. It alters the living condition of aquatic life and effects the environment adversely. It affects human being some time directly and sometime indirectly. Chromium contamination is a serious problem because of cancer-causing effect of the pollutants and low recovery rate of chromium owing to the existence of organics, such as protein as well as fat. Objective of this study was to determine viability of adsorbents like fly ash and red brick dust for chromium ions recovery from tannery wastewater. Aqueous solutions of Cr(III) was prepared by dissolving the specific amounts of chromium Sulphate in de ionized water. Concentration of Cr (III) was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The adsorption of chromium on fly ash as well as red brick dust was determined at different Cr (III) concentrations, contact time, adsorbent dosage and pH. By comparing results of both adsorbents it was concluded that performance efficiency of both fly ash and red brick dust was good for removal and recovery of chromium. But red brick dust was more effective as compared to fly ash. Because maximum recovery of chromium was observed at pH 4; adsorbent red brick dust; contact time 3hours; and adsorbent dosage 1000g. Red brick dust declared as good adsorbent for the recovery of chromium from tannery waste water.
Lahore has a glorious history and it remained a chief cultural centre throughout the past from Ghaznavids Rule to the independence of the sub-continent. The city which was known as the City of Gardens has experienced a changing trend in garden design over a period of time, from the past to present. Initially the changes were brought about by the immigrants or invaders but now the trend in designing of parks are changing, faster than ever before. Lahore has the privilege to preserve the timeline of the changes brought about by the culture in the design of Green-Scape. This paper discusses the changing trends in park design by mapping out the expanding Lahore thus recognizing the present status of its Green-scape under the growing urban development of Lahore and the changes brought in its design and concepts, due to the cultural-Shift from Mughals to contemporary times. From past to present, the cultural change and the trends in living has influenced the design and layout of parks and gardens of the city. The Mughals brought the tradition of creating formal gardens to South Asia based on Chaharbagh; a Persian tradition. The tradition of laying out new gardens in the city remained an important part even after the decline of Mughals during Sikh period. The British also marked their name in the list of gardens at Lahore by introducing new concept in terms of botanical gardens. After independence until now, the gardens and parks continued to emerge on the map of Lahore but with varied modes and shades, influenced by globalization. Currently the urban sprawl of Lahore is increasing with a faster pace than ever before and along with it the concept behind the design and development of Green-Scape is also flourishing, bringing back the lost glory of Lahore, once called the “CITY OF GARDENS".
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