This work was designed in order to gain an insight on the mechanisms by which antioxidants prevent pancreatic disorders. We have examined the properties of cinnamtannin B-1, which belongs to the class of polyphenols, against the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in mouse pancreatic acinar cells. We have studied Ca(2+) mobilization, oxidative state, amylase secretion, and cell viability of cells treated with cinnamtannin B-1 in the presence of various concentrations of H(2)O(2). We found that H(2)O(2) (0.1-100 μM) increased CM-H(2)DCFDA-derived fluorescence, reflecting an increase in oxidation. Cinnamtannin B-1 (10 μM) reduced H(2)O(2)-induced oxidation of CM-H(2)DCFDA. CCK-8 induced oxidation of CM-H(2)DCFDA in a similar way to low micromolar concentrations of H(2)O(2), and cinnamtannin B-1 reduced the oxidant effect of CCK-8. In addition, H(2)O(2) induced a slow and progressive increase in intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](c)). Cinnamtannin B-1 reduced the effect of H(2)O(2) on [Ca(2+)](c), but only at the lower concentrations of the oxidant. H(2)O(2) inhibited amylase secretion in response to cholecystokinin, and cinnamtannin B-1 reduced the inhibitory action of H(2)O(2) on enzyme secretion. Finally, H(2)O(2) reduced cell viability, and the antioxidant protected acinar cells against H(2)O(2). In conclusion, the beneficial effects of cinnamtannin B-1 appear to be mediated by reducing the intracellular Ca(2+) overload and intracellular accumulation of digestive enzymes evoked by ROS, which is a common pathological precursor that mediates pancreatitis. Our results support the beneficial effect of natural antioxidants in the therapy against oxidative stress-derived deleterious effects on cellular physiology.
SummaryGastroesophageal reflux can be a catastrophic illness in small animals during anesthesia since its complications can cause serious pathologies, such as esophagitis, esophageal stenosis and aspiration pneumonia. With an incidence from 12 to 78.5% in anesthetized dogs, gastroesophageal reflux is normally silent during anesthesia and will be notices only if regurgitation occurs and stomach acid is present in the nasal or oral cavities. In humans, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a well-defined pathology where the lower esophageal sphincter has a sustained weakness. However, in dogs, gastroesophageal reflux disease as such is not well established, if at all; it has only been described as gastroesophagic reflux, occurring principally in anesthetized animals. There are several factors influencing the presentation of reflux in anesthetized dogs, which may be inherent to the patient (e.g. age, sex, breed, weight, or body condition), medications used prior to and during anesthesia, type of surgery or position of the animal during surgery. The objective of this review is to discuss a series of conditions that could predispose dogs to gastroesophageal reflux during anesthesia and to assist in the prevention and diagnosis of this condition.
Tick-borne bacterial pathogens (TBBPs) show a worldwide distribution and represent a great impact on public health. The brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) is a vector of several pathogens that affect dogs and sometimes humans as well. In addition, TBBPs represent a diagnostic challenge and imply financial resources and medical treatment for long periods of time. In the present study, R. sanguineus s. l. was identified as the main tick species naturally parasitizing dogs that inhabit. Juárez City, Chihuahua, in the Paso del Norte region, Mexico–US Border, representing 99.8% of the cases. Additionally, an end-point PCR was performed to search for whether pathogens in R. sanguineus s. l. can transmit in DNA extracted from ticks and dog blood samples. This is the first molecular detection of Rickettsia rickettsi infecting domestic dogs in Mexico; however, other pathogens were also identified, such as Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys in both ticks and dog blood samples, while Anaplasma phagocytophilum was identified only in dog blood samples. Moreover, co-detection in tick pools and co-infection in the analyzed dog blood samples could be found. Similarly, this research showed that dogs were found mostly parasitized by adult female ticks, increasing the possibility of transmission of E. canis.
Background
Nowadays, Ehrlichia canis receives increasing attention because of its great morbidity and mortality in animals. Dogs in the subclinical and chronic phases can be asymptomatic, and serological tests show cross-reactivity and fail to differentiate between current and past infections. Moreover, there could be low parasitaemia, and E. canis might be found only in target organs, hence causing results to be negative by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on blood samples.
Methods
We evaluated by PCR the prevalence of E. canis in blood, liver, spleen, lymph node and bone marrow samples of 59 recently euthanised dogs that had ticks but were clinically healthy.
Results
In total, 52.55% of the blood PCRs for E. canis were negative, yet 61.30% yielded positive results from tissue biopsies and were as follows: 63.15% from bone marrow; 52.63% from liver; 47.36% from spleen; and 15.78% from lymph node. In addition, 33% had infection in three tissues (spleen, liver and bone marrow).
Conclusions
Our results show the prevalence of E. canis from tissues of dogs that were negative by blood PCR. Ehrlichia canis DNA in tissue was 30% lower in dogs that tested negative in PCR of blood samples compared to those that were positive. However, it must be taken into account that some dogs with negative results were positive for E. canis in other tissues.
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