This paper provides an overview of the last 40 years of use, and in many cases abuse, of the natural resources in Catalonia, a country that is representative of European countries in general, and especially those in the Mediterranean region. It analyses the use of natural resources made by mining, agriculture, livestock, logging, fishing, nature tourism, and energy production and consumption. This use results in an ecological footprint, i.e., the productive land and sea surface required to generate the consumed resources and absorb the resulting waste, which is about seven times the amount available, a very high number but very similar to other European countries. This overexploitation of natural resources has a huge impact on land and its different forms of cover, air, and water. For the last 25 years, forests and urban areas have each gained almost 3% more of the territory at the expense of agricultural land; those municipalities bordering the sea have increased their number of inhabitants and activity, and although they only occupy 6.7% of the total surface area, they account for 43.3% of the population; air quality has stabilized since the turn of the century, and there has been some improvement in the state of aquatic ecosystems, but still only 36% are in good condition, while the remainder have suffered morphological changes and different forms of nonpoint source pollution; meanwhile the biodiversity of flora and fauna remains still under threat. Environmental policies do not go far enough so there is a need for revision of the legislation related to environmental impact and the protection of natural areas, flora, and fauna. The promotion of environmental research must be accompanied by environmental education to foster a society which is more knowledgeable, has more control and influence over the decisions that deeply affect it. Indeed, nature conservation goes hand in hand with other social and economic challenges that require a more sustainable vision. Today’s problems with nature derive from the current economic model, which is environmentally unsustainable in that it does not take into account environmental impacts. Lastly, we propose a series of reasonable and feasible priority measures and actions related to each use made of the country’s natural resources, to the impacts they have had, and to their management, in the hope that these can contribute to improving the conservation and management of the environment and biodiversity and move towards sustainability.
A história de uso do solo exerce influência na composição de espécies e, portanto, deve se refletir na diversidade da vegetação em regeneração depois do fogo. Para testar essa hipótese foram comparadas comunidades vegetais em terraços, áreas utilizadas agricolamente, com comunidades em ladeiras livres do uso agrícola, em Valença, Espanha. A regeneração da vegetação de matorral com Ulex parviflorus foi amostrada aos 3, 9, 15 e 21 meses depois do incêndio. Foram estimados o número de espécies, o recobrimento vegetal e a diversidade e analisadas as curvas dominância-diversidade e espécies-área. Nas comparações entre os dois habitats (terraço e ladeira), não houve diferença no número de espécies nem na diversidade. Entretanto, o recobrimento vegetal foi maior nos terraços (62,6%) que nas ladeiras (39,9%). As curvas de dominância-diversidade dos dois habitats caracterizaram-se por pendentes acentuadas na parte superior e concentração de mais da metade das espécies com recobrimento inferior a 1% na parte inferior, explicável pelo fenômeno biológico da dominância. O modelo que relacionou o ganho de espécies com o aumento da área da amostra evidenciou que aos três meses depois do fogo o número de espécies nas ladeiras foi mais elevado que nos terraços.
Este artículo pretende revisar una investigación realizada en los años noventa del pasado siglo, subvencionada por el I Plan de Investigación de la Junta de Andalucía sobre las Prácticas de Enseñanza en la Escuela Universitaria de Formación del Profesorado de la Universidad de Cádiz. La intención no se queda en el recuerdo de una experiencia con valoraciones positivas y con sus errores. Lo importante es analizarla treinta años después desde la epistemología que nos guio, siempre, principalmente, a partir los trabajos del profesor Pérez Gómez. Aportamos nuestra reflexión de los constructos de investigación que manejamos y que creemos esenciales en la actualidad al situar las prácticas docentes en el corazón de la formación del profesorado. Nuestra investigación indagó entre los agentes participantes, alumnado de Magisterio, profesorado de Primaria y profesorado de Universidad sobre la reconstrucción del pensamiento práctico y el proceso de socialización en la complejidad de la vida del aula y del centro educativo, dentro de la investigación acción, tanto de primer orden (alumnado de Magisterio-alumnado de Primaria) como se segundo orden (alumnado de Magisterio-profesorado de Primaria-profesorado de Universidad). Tras la evaluación de los alcances y de los fracasos (que nosotros sí explicitamos) nos planteamos un futuro ilusionante en nuevas pero continuistas coordenadas.
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