The increasing complexity in the management of Smart Grids is an essential factor in the creation of new technological infrastructures capable of managing the different devices involved in the network. This network has been converted into an example of the Internet of Things. In this regard, the Web of Things enables an improvement in the processing of these data. Besides, the large amount of data in the Smart Grid domain means that a high performance architectural design is able to manage concurrently the entire information processing ability. This paper presents an initial approach for a new architecture and the first results after the system implementation.
Smart Grids are electricity networks that use digital technology to co-ordinate the needs and capabilities of all generators, grid operators, end users and electricity market stakeholders in such a way that it can optimize asset utilization and operation while maintaining system reliability, resilience and stability. However, Smart Grids are increasingly proposing a much more distributed architecture with the integration of multiple Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) that demand different control and protection schemes. In that sense, the implementation of standards such as IEC 61850 and the integration with Ethernet-based communication networks provide novel tools to manage DER efficiently. This paper analyses the potential usage and benefits of ANSI 67/67N protection in combination with Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) communication service, from the standard 61850 of the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), for providing adaptive network protection, specifying the configuration and implementation and exposing the obtained results.
The Smart Grid is an example of a cyber-physical system where the physical power grid is surrounded by many intelligent and communication devices that allow for an enhanced management of the power network itself. The Smart Grid may bring great benefits by massively introducing renewable energy sources in the power grid, reducing carbon emissions and improving sustainability. However, it may also bring big challenges regarding reliability, latency and even cybersecurity, since it opens the power system to at least the same threats faced by the Internet. In fact, vulnerabilities may be still larger, considering the novel, heterogeneous and distributed nature of the Smart Grid. Furthermore, cybersecurity is essential for its survival and feasibility, thus making the risks still more relevant.Such Information and Communication Technologies and computer networks supporting the Smart Grid need to comply with very stringent requirements. They also need to efficiently integrate and manage in a single network a vast array of technologies which diverse link layer technologies, meshed and non-meshed Ethernet networks, different cybersecurity protocols, networking at different layers, cognitive systems and storage and replication of data.The objective is to provide a system capable of providing adequate service to the wide array of applications foreseen for the Smart Grid but the complexity of the problem is impressive and it is not possible to focus all of its aspects in a single paper or even project.The present paper presents these requirements, the solutions and results developed and tested in the FP7 European Project INTEGRIS, especially in the security domain, as well as the future challenges and research lines identified and some prospective solutions.
The quality of inter-network communication is often detrimentally affected by the large deployment of heterogeneous networks, including Long Fat Networks, as a result of wireless media introduction. Legacy transport protocols assume an independent wired connection to the network. When a loss occurs, the protocol considers it as a congestion loss, decreasing its throughput in order to reduce the network congestion without evaluating a possible channel failure. Distinct wireless transport protocols and their reference metrics are analyzed in order to design a mechanism that improves the Aggressive and Adaptative Transport Protocol (AATP) performance over Heterogeneous Long Fat Networks (HLFNs). In this paper, we present the Enhanced-AATP, which introduces the designed Loss Threshold Decision maker mechanism for the detection of different types of losses in the AATP operation. The degree to which the protocol can maintain throughput levels during channel losses or decrease production while congestion losses occur depends on the evolution of the smooth Jitter Ratio metric value. Moreover, the defined Weighted Fairness index enables the modification of protocol behavior and hence the prioritized fair use of the node’s resources. Different experiments are simulated over a network simulator to demonstrate the operation and performance improvement of the Enhanced-AATP. To conclude, the Enhanced-AATP performance is compared with other modern protocols.
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