Outdoor carbon monoxide comes mainly from vehicular emissions, and high concentrations occur in areas with heavy traffic congestion. CO binds to hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), and reduces oxygen delivery. We investigated the link between the adverse effects of CO on the respiratory system using COHb as a marker for chronic CO exposure. We examined the relationship between acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and COHb concentrations in school-age children living in urban and suburban areas of Quito, Ecuador. We selected three schools located in areas with different traffic intensities and enrolled 960 children. To adjust for potential confounders we conducted a detailed survey. In a random subsample of 295 children, we determined that average COHb concentrations were significantly higher in children attending schools in areas with high and moderate traffic, compared with the low-traffic area. The percentage of children with COHb concentrations above the safe level of 2.5% were 1, 43, and 92% in low-, moderate-, and high-traffic areas, respectively. Children with COHb above the safe level are 3.25 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.65–6.38] times more likely to have ARI than children with COHb < 2.5%. Furthermore, with each percent increase in COHb above the safety level, children are 1.15 (95% CI, 1.03–1.28) times more likely to have an additional case of ARI. Our findings provide strong evidence of the relation between CO exposure and susceptibility to respiratory infections.
Las enfermedades que padecen los niños que llegan para atenciones clínicas y quirúrgicas a los hospitales ecuatorianos, es poco conocida. En un estudio nacional se clasifican los diagnósticos por meses de egreso, sexo, edad, procedencia, asàcomo otros aspectos administrativos referentes al promedio de estadía, porcentaje de ocupación, giro y egresos vivos o fallecidos. En cada variable o indicador se puntualizan las diferencias regionales.
The university and the immediate future challenges Citación: Estrella R. La universidad y los desafíos del futuro inmediato Rev Fac Cien Med (Quito) 2019; 44 (1): 74-79 EDUCACIÓN MÉDICA "Omnium potentior est sapientia".En memoria de los doctores Rodrigo Yépez y Dimitri Barreto, ex docentes, ex decanos de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, maestros de excelencia y brillantes pensadores tempranamente fallecidos, por su invaluable contribución a la educación médica nacional y latinoamericana.
ResumenIntroducción: Obesidad en la adolescencia se asocia con trastornos cardiometabólicos en la edad adulta. Es necesario contar con un índice de obesidad fácilmente aplicable para predecir riesgo cardiometabólico en adolescentes. Objetivo: Comparar la utilidad de los índices radio Cintura/Talla (r-CT), circunferencia de cintura (CC) y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) para determinar obesidad y predecir riesgos cardiometabólicos en adolescentes. Métodos: En este estudio trasversal, bajo criterios de la International Diabetes Federation (IDF) se determinó obesidad mediante tres índices, hipertensión arterial, hiperglicemia, hipertrigliceridemia y bajo HDL en 931 adolescentes mestizos ecuatorianos. La asociación de los índices de obesidad (r-CT, IMC y CC) con los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico se determinaron mediante radios de Odds ajustados y áreas bajo la curva (AUC, siglas en inglés) ROC (Característica Operativa del Receptor, siglas en inglés). Resultados: El r-CT ≥0.5 determinó mayor porcentaje de obesidad (36.6%) respecto a CC (17.4%) e IMC (6.7%). IMC ≥95 percentil se asoció significativamente con los cuatro factores de riesgo cardiometabólico, mientras que CC y r-CT se asociaron con tres de los cuatro factores. Los tres índices de obesidad determinan la concurrencia de tres o más factores de riesgo cardiometabólico con alta sensibilidad y especificidad con un AUC mayor de 0.80. Conclusiones: El IMC ≥ al percentil 95 es mejor predictor de riesgo cardiometabólico, pero no determina bien obesidad. El r-CT parece ser el indicador antropométrico más adecuado para detectar obesidad y predecir riesgo cardiometabólico en adolescentes mestizos debido a su fácil determinación y uso. Palabras clave: Obesidad, síndrome metabólico, predictores, riesgo cardiometabólico Abstract Background: Obesity in adolescence is associated with cardiometabolic problems in adulthood. It is necessary to have an easily applicable obesity index to predict cardiometabolic risk in adolescents. Objective: To compare the usefulness of waist to-height ratio (WHtR), waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI) to determine obesity and predict cardiometabolic risks in adolescents. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, under the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL rates were determined in 931 Ecuadorian mestizo adolescents. The association of the three obesity indices with the cardiometabolic risk factors was determined by means of adjusted Odds radios and area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). Results: WHtR ≥0.5 determined the highest percentage of obesity (36.6%) with respect to WC (17.4%) and BMI (6.7%). BMI ≥95 percentile was significantly associated with the four cardiometabolic risk factors, while WC and WHtR were associated with three out of four factors. The three obesity indices determine the concurrence of three or more cardiometabolic risk factors with high sensitivity and specificity with an AUC great...
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