Glucose oxidase (GOx) composites with conducting polymers (e.g., polypyrrole (Ppy)) are excellent nanobiomaterials suitable for the design of bioelectronic devices such as biosensors and biofuel cells. Here, we address the spectroscopic properties of GOx, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and composites of these compounds with polypyrrole (Ppy). The exploration of native GOx and FAD solutions confirmed that about 5% of FAD dissociated from GOx during the period of solution preparation, and this fraction remained constant for 1 month. It has been found that the Ppy, which formed composites with FAD and GOx, facilitated the removal of FAD molecules from GOx and twice reduced the fluorescence decay rate. Differences in the FAD and Ppy average fluorescence relaxation times showed that the FAD composite with Ppy and Ppy effectively quenched the FAD fluorescence and FAD could not freely unfold. The intramolecular electron transfer took place between adenine and isoalloxazine moieties over the first 5 ps after the excitation. The findings are very useful in the selection and adaptation of enzyme immobilization strategies, which are applied in the development of biosensors and biofuel cells.
This study presents the development of a hierarchical design concept for the synthesis of multi‐scale polymer particles with up to five levels of organization. The synthesis of core–shell microparticles containing nested sets of dispersed metal and polymer micro‐ and nanoparticles is achieved through in situ photopolymerization using a double co‐axial capillaries microfluidic device. The flow rates of the carrier, shell, and core phases are optimized to control particle size and result in stable core–shell particles with well‐dispersed three‐level composites in the shell matrix. The robustness and reversibility of these core–shell particles are demonstrated through five cycles of drying and re‐swelling, showing that the size and structure of core–shell particles remain unchanged. Additionally, the permeability and mobility of dye molecules within the shell matrix are tested and showed that different molecular weight dyes have different penetration times. This study highlights the potential of microfluidics as a powerful tool for the controlled and precise synthesis of complex structured materials and demonstrates the versatility and potential of these core–shell particles for sensing applications as particle‐based surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).
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